The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
Cognition
Involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.
Thinking
mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Concepts
First, concepts allow us to _____; without them, each object and event in our world would be unique and brand new to us each time.
Generalize
Second, concepts allow us to ______ / compare experiences and objects.
Associate
Concepts aid _____ by making it more efficient so that we do not have to reinvent the wheel each time
Memory
Concepts provide ______ about how to react to a particular object or experience.
Clues
The ________ model emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in
that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that item's properties.
Prototypes
___________ means finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available
Problem solving
_________ involves setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution.
Subgoaling
________ are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
Algorithms
___________ come in different forms, such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions
Algorithms
____________ are such shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
Heuristics
In the real world, we are more likely to solve the types of problems we face by ______ than by _____.
heuristics than by algorithms
Heuristics help us to narrow down the possible__________ and to find one that works.
solutions
____________ involves using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective
Fixation
________________occurs when individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a thing's usual functions
Functional fixedness
_______________ is the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions.
Reasoning
__________________ involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations
Inductive reasoning
A great deal of_________________ is the product of inductive reasoning
scientific knowledge
____________ is reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance
deductive reasoning
__________________ involves evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.
Decision making
_________ bias is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them
Confirmation
__________ bias is our tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome.
Hindsight
________ heuristic refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events
Availability
The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid
Base rate fallacy
The_____________ heuristic is to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the stereotype of a group instead of available base rate
representativeness
______________ means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
Critical thinking
being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.
Mindfulness
being receptive to other ways of looking at things
Open-mindedness
a characteristic of a person, the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
Creativity
produces many solutions to the same problem.
Divergent thinking
produces the single best solution to a problem
Convergent thinking
True or false: creative thinkers do mostly divergent thinking
False: both
when a group of people openly throw out a range of possible solutions to a problem, even some that might seem crazy
Brainstorming
____ thinking occurs doing brainstorming
Divergent thinking
________ moods are associated with narrow, analytical thinking
