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what are bloods functions:
transportation, protection, and maintenance
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transportation of:
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, and hormones
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maintence of:
temperature, blood pH, fluid and electrolyte balance
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protection against:
forming clots and fighting infection
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blood is composed of:
liquid plasma and formed elements
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formed elements include:
erythrocytes, luekocyte, thrombocytes
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avg hematocrit:
F = 37%-48% M = 45%-52%
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temperature:
38 degrees C
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avg blood vol.
F = 4-5 L M = 5-6 L
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90% water, 10 % solutes, straw color
plasma
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ions, hormones, gases, plasma protiens
solute
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plasma protiens:
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
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draws water to it to maintain blood osmolarity and volume; also transports and buffers plasma pH
albumin
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trasports molecules and antibodies
globulin
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blood clotting
fibrinogen
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low protien diet (low blood osmolarity) resulting in edema in tissues and leads to death by dehydration
hypoprotienemia
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only ___________ are complete cells of the formed elements
WBC
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most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for ....
a few days
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most blood cells do not divide but are......
renewed by cells in bone marrow
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primary fcn is oxygen/carbon dioxide trasport
RBC
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33% filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protien that functions in gas transport
RBC
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normal Hb:
12-18 g/100 ml blood
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_______ of all oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin
98.5%
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hemoglobin is made up of protien _____ that is composed of two two________ chains and two __________ chains, each with a _______ group
globin, alpha, beta, heme
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each heme group has an atom of iron that can bind to_______
one oxygen molecule
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each hemoglobin molecule can transport how many oxygen?
4
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hemoblobin bound to oxygen is
oxyhemoglobin
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hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues is
deoxyhemoglobin
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hemoglobin bound to co2 is
carbaminohemoglobin
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hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide, higher in smokers
carboxyhemoglobin
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contains two alpha and two gama globin molecules; greater affinity for oxygen; gas exchange occurs across placenta
fetal hemoglobin
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RBC production
erythropoiesis
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takes about 4 days, lifespan is about 120 days
erythropoiesis
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occurs in bone marrow, spleen, liver and thymus before birth
hematopoiesis
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hematopoiesis occurs in adult bone marrow of:
axial skeleton and girdles and proximal head of humerus and femur
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give rise to all formed elements
pluripotent stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells)
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erythropoiesis requires ___________ for Hb, ______ for globin synthesis, _____ and ____ for DNA synthesis, ________ and ______ for Hb synthesis
iron, amino scids, folic acid and vit C, Vit C and copper
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_________ is released by the kidneys
erythropoietin (EPO)
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released as a result of hypoxemia due to decrease RBC, decreased oxygen availability, increased tissue demand for oxygen
erythropoeitin is released by kidneys
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enhanced erythropoietin increases:
RBC count in circulating blood, oxygen carrying ability fo the blood
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destruction of RBC
hemolysis
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heme and globin are separated and the iron is salvaged for reuse int he liver and spleen; globulins recycled into more protiens
hemolysis
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blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity due to low RBCs or low Hb, symptom rather than a disease itself, blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism, signs include: fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills
anemia
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result of accute or chronic loss of blood: trauma, hemophilia, mentration, ulcer, ruptured aneurysms, etc.
hemorrhagic anemia
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prematurely ruptured RBC: drugs (tylenol, penicillin), poisining, blood parasites, hemoglobin defects, mismatched blood transfusion
hemolytic anemia
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destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow: viral infections, radiation, drugs, autoimmune disease, ( lupus, pesticides, hepatitis)
aplastic anemia
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hemorrhagic, hemolytic, and aplastic anemia
anemia from insufficient RBC
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iron deficiency and pernicious anemia
anemia due to decreaed hemoglobin
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thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
anemia due to abnormal hemoglobin
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a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, inadequate intake of iron- containing foods, impaired iron absorption
iron deficieny anemia
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deficiney of vit B12, lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12, treatment is intramuscular injections
pernicious anemia
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absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin, erythtrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin, common in people of mediteranean descent ( greek and hatian)
thalassemia
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results from deffective gene coding for an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglbin S (HbS), RBC become sickle celled in low oxygen situations, common in people of african descent; possibly to avoid malaria disease
sickle cell anemia
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excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity
polycythemia
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usually due to bone marrow cancer
primary polycethemia (polycythemia vera)
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caused by dehydration, smoking, air pollution, emphysema, high altitude, or strenous exercise
secondary polycythemia
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replacing previously drawn blood to boost RBC levels in presparation for athletic event
blood doping
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used when blood is substantial, in treating thrombocytopenia (lack of platelets)
whole blood transfusions
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________ are used to treat anemia
packed red cells ( cells with plasma removed)
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humans have ______ varieties of naturally occuring RBC antigens
30
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Other blood groups (MN, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, and Lewis) are mainly used for
legalities, paternity test
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The ABO blood groups consist of
two antigens (A and B) and two anti bodies ( anti-A and anti-B)
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presence of the Rh antigen on RBCs is indicated
Rh +
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Rh+ antibodies of a sensitized Rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby
erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of newborn)
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prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized and is given to mother before birth
RhoGAM or Gamulin
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defense cells (primarily phagocytic)
WBC
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WBC can leave capillaries via _______ and are directed to sites of infection by ______
diapedesis, chemotaxis
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move through tissue space, not confined to vessel
WBC
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WBC count of 10,000 per cubic millimeter
leukocytosis
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lobed nuclei with granules in cytoplasm
granulocytes
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simple nucleus without granules
agranulocytes
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large and short lived, have lobed nuclei, are mostly phagocytic cells, contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic=red, basic=blue, both=purple)
granulocytes
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polymorphonuclear, nuclie vary in shape and number of lobes, most common WBC, #1 site of infection, take up both acidic and basic dyes, motile, bodys bacteria slayers, increase with bacterial infection, decrease during viral infection
neutrophils
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have red staining, bilobed nuclei, phagocytize cells infected with worms, lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizeing immune complexes and releasing antihistamines
eusinophils
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rarest WBC, have u shaped nuclei with purplish granules, secrete histamine and heparin,
basophils
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inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs
histamine
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anticoagulant chemical used in inflammation
heparin
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includes lymphocytes and monocytes, lack visible granules, have spherical or kidney shaped nuceli
agranulocytes
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large darkk purple nulcei, found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue, T cells fight viruses and tumor cells, B cells produce antibodies to bind to pathogens
lymphocytes
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largest leukocytes, leave circulation, enter tissue, and differientiate into macrophages, increases with chronic infection
monocytes
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originate from pluripotent stem cells,
luekocytes
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become granulocytes
myeloblasts
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become monocytes
monoblast
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develop into lymphocytes
lymphoblast
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low levels of WBC , less than 5,000
leukopenia
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cancerous conditions involving WBC, WBc are nto functional, fewer RBC, myeloid or lymphoid based, death is caused by internal hemorrage and overwhelming enfections
leukemia
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