-
Modes of Transportation
- Direct sexual contact or sexual contact with infected semen, vaginal secretions, blood or body fluids
- Maternal transfer
- Sharing Contaminated needles through injectable drug use
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Chlamydia
- bacterium
- 1-30 days incubation period
- diagnosed by a culture discharge
- treated by antibiotics
-
Signs and symptoms of Chlamydia
- males: watery discharge, pain upon urination
- females: watery discharge, PID
- 50% of men and women do not have symptoms
-
Most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in the U.S.
- Chlamydia
- 3 million cases annualy
-
Gonorrhea
- Bacterial
- 1-30 day incubation
- diagnosed by a culture discharge
- treated by antibiotic in early stages/later untreatable
-
Signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea
- males: pus discharge, pain upon urination, can lead to sterility
- females: usually asymptomatic, PID, can lead to sterility
-
Epidemiology of Gonorrhea
350,000 cases reported annually
-
Genital Herpes (HSV)
- viral
- 2-12 incubation period
- can be transmitted to newborn during delivery
- recurrence- 5-8 times per year; 10 days per episode
- no cure, antiviral therapies
-
Signs and symptoms of Genital Herpes
- vesicles
- vesicles break down, crust over and form painful ulcers
- entire first episode takes 5-12 days
- flu-like symptoms
- 45 million in US infected
-
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
- bacterial, caused by chlamydia in males
- signs and symptoms: discharge and painful urination
- treated with antibiotics
- 3 million cases annually
-
Venereal Warts (HPV)
- viral
- 3 month incubation period
- presence of lesions-diagnosis
- treatment: removal of lesions by chemical or laser surgery/non curable
-
Signs and symptoms of HPV
- cauliflower-like growths in genital and rectal areas
- some have no symptoms
-
What is indicated in 80% of all cervical cancer cases?
HPV (venereal warts)
-
Epidemiology of HPV
20 million Americans
-
Syphilis
- bacterial
- 3-4 week incubation period
- diagnosed by a blood test
- treated by penicillin or other antibiotic
-
Signs and symptoms of syphilis
{Primary}
- chancre: painless indurated primary lesion of early syphilis
- disappears within 1-5 weeks
-
Signs and symptoms of Syphilis
secondary
- rash, 6 weeks later
- appears on trunk, or mild on hands or feet
- disappears without treatment 2-6 weeks
-
Signs and symptoms of syphilis
latency
- damage to central nervous system
- can transmit by donating blood
- congenital syphilis
-
epidemiology of syphilis
- reduced numbers due to penicillin
- mini epidemics in major metropolitan areas
-
Chancroid
- bacterial
- 4-10 days incubation period
- treated by antibiotics
-
Signs and symptoms of Chancroid
- chancre: granular, painful erosions
- painful, swollen lymph glands in the groin
-
Epidemiology of Chancroid
- not common in U.S.
- epidemics in developing countries
- predominance in black and hispanic males; prostitution
-
HIV/AIDS
- viral
- 8 weeks-6 month incubation period
- blood test: ELISA, western blot- confirmatory test
- oral test-detects HIV antibodies
-
Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS
- asymptomatic at first
- early symptoms: fatigue, diarrhea, fever, night sweats, oral yeast infections, etc
- opportunistic infections
-
Treatment of HIV/AIDS
- some medications available to lessen symptoms and opportunistic infections
- AZT
- protease inhibitors- acts as an enzyme to prevent replication
- HAART- highly active antiretroviral therapy
-
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
- reportable by law in US
- mostly males
- 57% of AIDS patients have died
- since 1996, there has been a dramatic decline in the number of AIDS cases
- slight increase among heterosexual contact from 98-01
-
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- viral
- attacks the liver
- blood test diagnosed
- no cure; vaccine available; boost immune system
-
signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B
- jaundice
- dark urine
- fever
- malaise
- moderate liver enlargement and tenderness
-
Epidemiology of Hepatitis B
- 5% of US Population has HBV
- Risks: heterosexual males and gay men
- sexual transmission most common
-
Pubic Lice
- transmission: sexually, clothing/bedding, nits, eggs
- 24-48 hour incubation period
- treated by shampoos
-
Signs and symptoms of Pubic Lice
- visual confirmation
- intense itching
- skin irritation
- sores from scratching
-
Scabies
- diagnosed by: infestation with mite, burrow under skin
- treated by special lotion left on skin for 8-24 hours
-
what age is HIV/AIDS more prevalent?
- 15-25 years
- early onset
- more partners
- unprotected
- cervical tissue more susceptible
-
Who is at greater risk of contracting STDs?
- women
- heterosexual women are receptive
- asymptomatic in women (AIDS)
- menstruation facilitates movement of pathogens
- transmission to fetus/newborn
-
Sexual orientation and order of contracting HIV/AIDS
- heterosexual women
- gay and bisexual men
- heterosexual men least at risk
- lesbians have lowest rates of infection
-
where are STD's and HIV higher?
urban areas
-
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- people of lower SES tend to lack enabling factors
- " " do not perceive themselves to be at risk
- Poverty contributes to higher levels of drug use
-
What Race/Ethnicity have the highest rates?
African Americans and Hispanics
-
What sexual/medical history contributes?
- lifetime number of sexual partners
- contraceptive use
- history of injected drug use
- prior STD history
-
Lowest Risk
- non-insertive
- no exchange of bodily fluids
-
Midlevel Risk
- insertive and protected sex
- insertive and not protected sex
-
Highest risk
insertive and not protected including ejaculation
-
Latex Condoms
- more effective against gonorrhea, chlamydia, trich, and HIV
- prevents transmission from mucosal surfaces
- not reliable for prevention of transmission by skin-to-skin contact: HPV, Herpes, Syphilis
-
Women-Centered Barriers
- Sponge
- Diaphragm
- Spermicides
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