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functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange, maintain blood ph, olfactory, warm air, voice production, excretion of heat and waste, produces angiotensin converting enzyme, filters blood clotts.
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path of air
nose--> nasal cavity --> pharynx--> larynx--> trachea--> bronchi--> bronchiole tree--> alveoli
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type 1 alveolar cells make...
ACE
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Type 2 alveolar cells make...
serfactant
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pulmonary ventilation
exchange between air and alveoli
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External respiration/Pulmonary respiration
exchange between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
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internal respiration
exchange between capillaries and tissue cells
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nerve that innervates the diaphragm
phrenic
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cavities separated by the diaphragm
thorasic and abdominal
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diaphragm
flattens when it contracts so the chest cavity expands
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external intercostals
raise rib cage up and out
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is inhalation an active process?
yes muscle has to contract
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respiratory distress syndrome
difficulty to breathe due to low levels of serfactant
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compliance
how much effort is requires to stretch teh lungs and chest wall
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tuberculosis affect on complience
lower because bacteria affects lung tissue
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pulmonary edema affect on complience
lower
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serfactant difficiency affect on complience
lower
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emphysema affect on complience
lower due to loss of elastic fibers
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airway resistance
constriction in the bronchioles
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asthma affect on airway resistance
airflow is diminished to to constriction
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sympathetic system affect on airway resistance
bronchodilation so diameter is larger and resistance is smaller
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partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
105
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partial pressure of carbondioxide in allveolar air
40
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contributors to high carbondioxide partial pressure
1. gas exchange 2. greater solubility 3. mixing of gasses
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blood in alveoli has partial pressure of oxygen of
40
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blood in alveoli has partial pressure of co2 of
45
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factors affecting rate of diffusion
d Partial pressure, solubility, surface area, distance, molecular weight, temperature,
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if the difference in partial pressure increases then rate of diffusion
increases
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if the solubility increases the rate of diffusion
increases
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if surface area increases the rate of diffusion
increases
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if distance increases the rate of diffusion
decreases
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if molecular weight increases the rate of diffusion
decreases
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if temperature increases the rate of diffusion
increases
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emphysema affect on rate of diffusion
decrease due to break down in alveoli walls which decreases surface area
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pulmonary edema affect on rate of diffusion
decrease due to fluid accumulation which increases diffusion distance
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high altitude sickness affect on rate of diffusion
lower due to change in partial pressure being lower
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affinity
the tightness with which hemoglobin binds oxygen
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if a cell is highly active oxygen will bind with _____ affinity
less
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If a cell is active, oxygen will be given off (more/less)
more
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low pH, _____ affinity
low
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high temperatures, ______ affinity
low
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Nitric oxide causes
vasodialation
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where is the control center located
the pons and the medulla
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medullary rhthmycity area
controls rhythm of normal breathing, has 2 areas--> inspiratory and expiratory
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Inspiratory area
causes contraction on diaphragm and external intercostals for 2 seconds during normal breathing
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expiratory area
allows us to exhale air after forcefully inhaling
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pneumotaxic area
controls duration of inhalation so lungs don't over fill
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apneustic area
prolongs inhalation to take a deep breath
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asthma
causes release of histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes which cause bronchoconstriction making it hard to breathe
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pneumonia
inflammation and infection of alveoli due to bacteria or viruses
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tuberculosis
damage to lungs due to fibrous nodules and scar tissue
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cystic fibrosis
no chlroide channel so mucus accumlation occurs
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emphysema
break down of aveoli
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lung cancer
can occur in primary bronchus cells, epethelia of the bronial tubes, broncial glands and alveolar cells
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