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NAME FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (6)
GAS EXCHANGE, BLOOD PH, OLFACTORY, SOUNDS, EXCRETION, ACE AND BLOOD CLOTS
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GAS EXCHANGE
INTAKE OXYGEN AND DELIVER TO BODY CELLS, ELIMINATE CARBOND DIOXIDE PRODUCED BY BODY CELLS
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OLFACTORY
Contains receptors for sense of smell
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Sounds
Produces vocal sounds (phonation)-->larynx
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Excretion
Small amounts of water and heat are secreted during exhale
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ACE and blood clots
ACE converts Ang I to Ang II; lungs filter blood clots
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What surrounds each alveoli
Pulmonary capillaries
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Where does gas exchange take place
Pulmonary capillaries
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What makes surfactant
Type II alveolar cells
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What membrane do gases cross during exchange
Respiratory
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What kind of cells make ACE
Type I alveolar
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What is pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
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Pulmonary ventilation/breathing involves exchange of air between ___ and ___
Atmosphere and lungs
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Where does pulmonary ventilation exchange take place
Pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
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What is another name for pulmonary respiration
External respiration
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What is pulmonary respiration
Exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
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What happens in external respiration
Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide
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What is another name for internal respiration
Tissue respiration
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What is internal/tissue respiration
Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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Gas exchange in internal/tissue respiration
Blood loses oxygen, gains carbon dioxide
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When does cellular respiration (ATP formation) occur
During internal respiration
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Where does cellular respiration take place
Mitochondria
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What happens during inhalation
Lungs expand, lung volume increases, pressure in lungs decrease
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Pressure during inhalation
Lung pressure lower than atmospheric pressure
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Boyles Law
Pressure of gas in closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
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What is the most important muscle of inhalation
Diaphragm
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What cavities does the diaphragm separate
Thoracic and abdominal
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What do the external intercostals do during inhalation
Raise ribcage up and outwards
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Which nerve controls the diaphragm
Phrenic
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Name the sequence of events during inhalation
Diaphragm flattens, chest cavity expands, lung pressure decreases, external intercostals expands chest cavity, air is inhaled
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How many mL air do we take in when we inhale
500mL
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What covers the lungs
Double membrane called pleura
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What are the two layers of the pleura
Parietal (outer, lines thoracic cavity) and visceral (surrounds lungs)
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What keeps the lungs inflated/keeps lungs from collapsing
Fluid from pleura that is kept in less pressure than lungs
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What is lung collapse called
Pneumothorax
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What occurs during exhalation
Elastic recoil and surface tension cause lung to contract, increasing pressure and pushing air out
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Is exhalation an active or passive process
Active, muscles have to contract
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What is alveolar pressure
Pressure inside the lungs
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What is the change in alveolar pressure during inhalation
760-->758 mm Hg
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What is elastic recoil
The natural ability of lungs and chest to spring back after stretching
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What are the 2 inwardly directed forces that contribute to elastic recoil
Recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inhalation & inward pull of surface tension due to film of alveolar fluid
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What are 3 other factors that affect the rate of airflow and the ease of pulmonary ventilation
Surface tension, compliance, airway resistance
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What causes surface tension
The moisture on alveoli; the attraction between polar water molecules
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Surface tension causes alveoli to assume the ___ diameter possible
Smallest
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Surface tension needs to be overcome in order to ____ during each inhalation
Expand lungs
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What reduces surfact tension
Surfactant
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What is surfactant composed of
A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins
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What is respiratory distress syndrome
Occurs in premature babies that do not have enough surfactant in lungs
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What is compliance
How much effort is required to stretch lungs and chest wall
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When compliance is high, it is ____ expanding
Easily
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What are two factors that determine compliance
Surfactant and elastic fibers
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What are 4 complications that result from low compliance
Tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, emphysema, surfactant-deficiency
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What causes airway resistance
Walls of airways; smooth muscles controlled by the sympathetic system (causes bronchodialation)
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What regulates airway diameter
Degree of contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle
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Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide depends on�
Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What is dalton�s law
Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure (partial pressure)
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Greater differences in partial pressure results in ____ rates of diffusion
Faster
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What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
Nitrogen (79%)
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What are 3 factors that cause air partial pressures to change (lower partial pres of O2, higher part pres of CO2)
Gas exchange, humidification of air, mixing of alveolar air
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Is carbon dioxide or oxygen more soluble?
CO2 (24x more)
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What is the mixing of alveolar air
Some alveoli don�t exchange gas during inhalation (some retain gas); newly inspired gas mixes with retained gas
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What is henrys law
The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility
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The higher the partial pressure, the ___ gas will stay in solution
More
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External respiration converts ___ blood into ____ blood.
Deoxygenated, oxygenated
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What is the atmosphere partial pressures of oxygen and CO2
O2: 159, CO2: 0.3mmHg
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What are the partial pressure of the oxygen and CO2 in alveoli
O2: 105, CO2: 40mmHg
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What 6 factors does rate of diffusion depend on
1) diff in partial pressure. 2) solubility. 3) surface area. 4) diffusion distance. 5) molecular weight. 6) temperature.
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What happens in emphysema
Walls of alveoli are destroyed (produces large air space that have trapped air)�. Surface area decreases� oxygen diffusion decreases
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What happens in pulmonary edema
There is an abnormal accumulation of liquid in interstitial spaces and lungs� diffusion distance increases�. Diffusion decreases
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While scuba diving, the high pressure under water causes ___ oxygen to dissolve in blood
More
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Why is it harmful for more oxygen to dissolve in blood during scuba diving
Increase in superoxides and free oxide radicals that damage epithelia and smooth muscle
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While scuba diving, high pressure under water causes ____ N2 to dissolve
More
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What are symptoms of high altitude sickness
Headache, fatigue, dizziness
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What happens during high altitude sickness
Available oxygen and differences in partial pressure both decrease� rate of diffusion decreases
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How is oxygen transported (2 ways)
Some dissolved, most bound to hb
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How many ml oxygen per 100ml blood
20ml
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what is oxyhemoglobin
oxygen bound to hemoglobin; Hb-O2
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How many oxygen atoms can heme bind
4
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A high partial pressure of oxygen means�
High % saturated hb
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Why is the % saturation graph not linear
The binding of one oxygen to hb increases the affinity for the binding of 2 more; the binding of all 3 increases the affinity for the 4th oxygen atom
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The amount of oxygen that remains bound depends on ____
Partial pressure of oxygen
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The lower the partial pressure of oxygen, the ___ oxygen is given off
More
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What is affinity
The tightness with which hb binds oxygen
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What lowers blood pH?
When a cell is active (exercise), carbon dioxide, lactic acid, H+, and heat are produced
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What happens when blood pH decreases
More H+.. hb binds to oxygen with less energy�oxygen is more easily released
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What happens when blood pH increases
Less H+�hb doesn�t give off oxygen easily
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More carbon dioxide causes pH to ___
Decrease
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What is the Bohr effect
More H+� dec pH� hb binds oxygen with less affinity� H+ can bind with hb�. Causes conformational change... releases oxygen more easiliy� curve shifts right
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Increasing temp ____ oxygen release
Increases
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How is heat produced
It�s a byproduct of metabolic reactions
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Decreasing temp ____ affinity
Increases
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What is BPG
2,3-biphenosphoglycerate (found in RBCs)
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What does BPG do
It helps oxygen break away from hb
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____ produces BPG
Glycolysis
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BPG binds to ____ of globin chain, changing the shape and allowing oxygen to come off easily
Amino terminal
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What causes carbon monoxide poisoning
Elevated blood levels of CO, not enough oxygen
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Binding of CO is ___ than that of oxygen
200x stronger
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CO binds to ____ on hgb as oxygen
The same site
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What is needed to treat CO poisoning
High pressurized oxygen
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RBCs deliver ___ and ___
NO and oxygen
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On a globin chain, ____ binds NO, keeping it away from FE
cysteine group
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How many ml CO2 per 100ml blood
52mL
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CO2 binds to ___ terminal
Amino
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What are the 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported
Dissolved (7%), carbamino compounds (23%), bicarbonate ion (70%)
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What is the reverse chloride shift
Cl- moving out of RBC into plasma to balance the effect of HCO3- moving into the RBC
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The reverse chloride shift occurs in the ____ capillaries (____ respiration)
Pulmonary, external
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During reverse chloride shift, ____ is moving out of capillaries while ___ is moving in from lungs
Carbon dioxide, oxygen
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What is the chloride shift
Cl- moving into RBC from plasma to balance the effect of HCO3- leaving the RBC
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During the chloride shift, ___ is moving out of capillaries while ___ is moving in from lungs
Oxygen, carbon dioxide
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H+ binds to Hb-O2, causing a ________ that releases oxygen
Shape change
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____ RBC has more Cl- than ____ RBC
Venous, arterial
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(Haldane) _____ hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide better and transports more
Deoxygenated
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____ buffers H+
Hemoglobin
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What is the Haldane effect
The amount of carbon dioxide that can be carried in the blood is dependent on oxyhemoglobin
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Decreasing oxyhemoglobin ____ plasma carbon dioxide carrying capacity
Increases
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The pons and the medullary region are part of the ___ brain
Primitive
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How many ml of O2 do we use per minute (resting)
200mL
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What are the three parts of the respiratory center
Pneumotaxic area, apneustic area, medullary rhythmicity area
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What are the 2 parts of the medullary rhythmicity area
Respiratory and expiratory
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Medullary rhythmicity area controls ___ breathing
Normal
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During normal quiet breathing, the inspiratory area is active for ___ seconds and inactive for ____ seconds
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During normal breathing, exhalation is ____
Passive
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During normal breathing, the ____ and the _____ send a signal to activate inspiratory area
Phrenic nerve and intercostals
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During normal breathing, the ___ and ____ contract
Diaphragm, external intercostals
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During normal breathing, the diaphragm and intercostals ____, and the lungs ____
Relax, recoil
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During forceful breathing, the ____ area activates the ____ area
Inspiratory, expiratory
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During forceful breathing, ____ muscles are involved in inhalation
More
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During forceful breathing, inhalation and exhalation are ____ processes
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During forceful breathing, the intercostal and abdominal muscles ___
Contract
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Where is the pneumotaxic area located
Pons
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Pneumotaxic area coordinates ___ and ____
Inspiration and expiration
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Pneumotaxic area controls ______
Duration of inspiratation
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What prevents the lungs from being over-inflated
Pneumotaxic area
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How does Pneumotaxic area prevent lungs from being over-inflated
Sends signals to inspiratory area
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Pneumotaxic area overrides the _____ area
Apneustic
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Where is the Apneustic area located
Pons
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The Apneustic area ____ inhalation (for deep breaths)
Prolongs
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Apneustic area sends stimulatory signals to ____ area that activate and prolong inhalation
Inspiratory
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Why can�t kill yourself by holding your breath?
The buildup of H+ and partial pressure of carbon dioxide stimulates the inspiratory area so you inhale
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What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors
Central and peripheral
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Where are the central chemoreceptors
Cerebrospinal fluid
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What do the central chemoreceptors detect
H+ and partial pressure of CO2
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Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
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What do the peripheral chemoreceptors detect
H+, partial pressure of CO2, partial pressure of oxygen
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Where do the chemoreceptors send signals to
Respiratory areas
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Increasing ____ (or decreasing ____ or ____) leads to hyperventilation
Arterial blood partial pressure carbon dioxide, pH or partial pressure oxygen
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Decreasing arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide would lead to ___
Hypoventilation
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Asthma is the release of ___ and ___
Histamine, prostaglandins
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In ____, there is broncoconstriction (possibly suffocation)
Asthma
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What drugs treat asthma
Beta-2 agonist
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Pneumonia is caused by ___ or ___
Bacteria, virus
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Pneumonia is the ____ of alveoli
Inflammation
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___ causes tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
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In tb, ____ form around bacteria, resulting in the formation of scar tissue in lungs
Fibrous nodules
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Cystic fibrosis is the ____
Mutation in Cl- channel
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In cystic fibrosis, ____ in respiratory system and pancreas
Mucus accumulates
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�Salty skin� is a characteristic of ___
cystic fibrosis
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____ is the leading cause of death in males and females
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____ is when the cells of the primary bronchus grow out of control (tumor)
Small cell carcinoma
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Damage of the epithelia of bronchial tubes is the most prevalent form of ____
Lung cancer
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Adenocarcinoma is when ___ and ___ grow out of control
Bronchial glands, alveolar cells
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