-
Lactose Formers
"CEEK"
- Citrobacter
- Enterobacter
- E. Coli (K1 capsule most important)
- Klebsiella
-
Non-lactose formers
"SHYPS"
- Shigella *
- Yersinia enterolytica (AKA Pestis) *
- * Motile: make H2S
- Proteus**
- Salmonella**
- ** Non motile: noH2S
-
May lack color
- "These rascals may microscopically lack color"
- Treponema
- Ricksetta
- Mycobacterium
- Mycoplasma
- Legionella
- Chlamydia
-
Increase cAMP
"CAPE"
- Cholera
- Anthracis (poly D glutamate capsule)
- Pertusis (via Gi)
- E. Coli (LT entertoxin)
-
Have Capsule
[ie... are Quellung Reaction (+)]
- "Some killers have pretty nice capsules"
- Sterp. pneumoniae
- Klebsiella
- HiB
- Pseudamona aeroginosa
- Neisseria meningitis
- Cryptococcus neoformans (only encasulated fungal pathogen)
-
Dimorphic Fungi
- "Can Also Have Both Shapes"
- Cocciodes
- Aspergillus
- Histoplasma
- Blastomyces
- Sprothrix schenkii
-
Have beta Prophage
"OBED"
- O = Salmonella
- B = Botulinum
- E = Erythrogenic strep
- D = Diptheria
-
Spore Forming Bacteria
Bacilus and Clostridium (have calcium di-picolinate)
-
IgA Proteases
- Neisseria (meningitidis and gonnorhoae)
- Haemophilus Influenzae (needs factors V and X for growth)
- S. pneumoniae
- w/ this activity these bugs are able to colonize the oral mucosa
-
Widal Test
Salmonella (Salmonella begins in ileocecal region) agglutination indicates Abs to O, H, Vi Salmunella Ags
-
-
Pneumonic Plaque Transmission
Person to person cf w/ Bubonic plaque that was via infected flea
-
Splenectomy
Predisposes to septicemia
-
Invasins
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
-
Fusiform
Vincent's trench mouth
-
S. viridans
Dextran mediated adherence
-
Obligate Aerobes
Pseudomonas & Mycobacterium
-
Obligate Anaerobes
Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides
-
Staph aureus
A protein, Catalase +, Coagulase +
-
Spirochetes
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
-
Non Motile Gram (+) Rods
Corenybacterium D & Nocardia
-
Acid Fast Organisms
Mycobacterium; Cryptosporidium; Nocardia (partially); Leginoella micdadei; Isospora
-
Pigment Producing Bacteria
- Serrata - red (can cause pseudohemoptysis)
- Pseudomonas A - piocyanin blue/green
- Staph aureus - yellow - Protein A
- Mycobacteria - photo/scoto chromogenic - caritinoid - yellow/orange
- Corneybacterium D - black/grey - pseudomembrane plaque in throat
- Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) melaninogenicus - black (heme)
- E. coli - irredescent green sheen
-
Bacterial Morphology
- Pneumococci - lancet shaped diplococci
- Neisseria - kidney bean shaped diplococci
- Camphylobacter - gulls' wings/comas
- Vibrio Cholera - coma shaped
- Corneybacterium D - club shaped (nonmotile, G+ Rod)
- Yersinia - safety pin seen in Wayson's stain
-
Inclusion Bodies
- Rabies - Negri bodies - intracytoplasmic
- Pox virus Guarnieri - intracytoplasmic and acidophilic
- CMV - Owl's eyes - intracytoplasmic and intranuclear
- HSV - Cowdry bodies - intranuclear
-
Schistosoma Japonicum Monsoni
Intestinal - contact w/ bad water
-
Schistosoma Haematolium
Vesicular - contact w/ bad water
-
Non Human Schostosom
Swimmer's itch - contact w/ bad water
-
Clonorchichis
- Chinese liver fluke - eating raw fish
- Tx - Praziquantel
-
Fasciola Hepatica
- Sheep - eating raw fish
- Tx - Praziquantel
-
Fasciola Biski
- Giant intestinal flukes - eating raw fish.
- Tx - Praziquantel
-
Paragonimus Westermani
- Lung fluke - eating raw fish
- Tx - Praziquantel
-
Oxidase (+)
Neiserria and most Gram (-)'s
-
Micro Aerophilic
Camphylobacter and Helicobacter
-
Urease (+)
- All Proteus - can cause Staghorn/Striuvate calculi (NH4-, Mg2+ stones): alkaline urine
- Ureaplasma
- Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter)
- Cryptococcus
- Nocardia
-
Coagulase (+)
Staph and Yersenia pestis
-
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
Chlamydia pistacci (don't make own ATP); Mycobacterium lepare; and all Rickettsia except Roachalimea (they make enough ATP to survive)
-
Protozoa
Plasmodium; Taxoplasma ghondi; Babesin; Leishmania; Trypanosoma cruzi
-
Obligate non-intracellular parasites
Treptonema palidum and Pneumocystis carinii (can not be cultured on inert media but can be found extra cellulary in body )
-
Haemophilus Factors
X - protoporphyrin and V - NAD
-
All cocci are....
Gram positive except for Neisseria and Moraxella
-
"Eaton Fried Egg"
Mycoplasma pneumoniae has fried eggy colonies on Eaton agar (needs cholesterol)
-
Mycoplasm
- No cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol. Smallest living bacteria
- P1 protein inhs ciliary action
- Fried egg colonies
- Atypical pneumonia - young adults
-
-
Malassazi furfur
Spaghetti and meat ball
-
Measles 3 C's
- Cough - Coryza - Conjuctivitis
- Can also have photophobia
- May lead to subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
-
Non motile Bacili and Clostridium
B. anthracis and C. perfringens
-
Bloody diarrhea agent
EIEC - EHEC - Shigella - Yersenia enterocoliticia - Entaemeba histolytica - Salmonella - Campylobacter jejuni
-
YW-135CA
N. meningitidis vaccine capsular polysaccharide strains
-
Indian Ink
Cryptococcus neoformans
-
Naegleria causes
Colonization in the nasal passage after swimming
-
Need cysyeine for growth
- "Ella likes cysteine"
- Francisella
- Brucella
- Legionella
- Pasturella
-
Endotoxins, G(+) or G(-)
Gram (-): N. meningitidis
-
Ecthyma Gangrenosum, seen w/
pseudomonas aeroginosa. Target shaped skin lesions w/ a black center and red ring surrounding the lesion
-
Endospores G(+)
Gram (+): Bacillus and Clostridium - made up of dipicolinate and Keratin
-
Multi Bran abscess
Nocardia
-
Single Brain abscess
Actinomyces israelli
-
Increased risk for Strep pneum infection
Asplenic; Sickle cell anemia; immunocompromising illness
-
alpha Hemolysis / Optochin sensitive
Strep. Pneumoniae
-
alpha Hemolysis / Optochin Resistant
Strep viridans (subacute endocarditis)
-
Staph Saprophyticus
Novobiocin resistant (UTI)
-
Staph Epidermidis
Novobiocin sensitive (endocarditis in IVDU's)
-
Beta Hemolysis / Bacitracin Sensitive
- Strep. Pyogenes (pharyngitis, scarlet fever, cellulitis, impetigo, Rheumatic fever)
- Hyaluronic capsule, non-motile; M proteins; Endotoxin A
-
Beta Hemolysis / Bacitracin Resistant
Strep Agalactiae (diabetes predisposes to infection)
-
EFII Ribosylation
Diptheria toxin and Peudomonas exotoxon A.
-
Bacillus Anthracis: 3 toxins (work via adenylate cyclase)
- Protective antigen (PA)
- lethal factor = toxic macrophages
- Edema factor = increased cAMP
-
Woolsorter's Disease
- Bacillus anthracis
- DOC - Penicillin
-
Grows in rice
Bacillus cereus
-
Clostridium perfringens
- Double zone beta hemolysis (test)
- lecithinase: alpha toxin = lyses RBCs
- 80% of gas gangrene (myonecrosis) cases
-
Clostridium difficile
- 2 toxins - enterotoxin (exotoxin A) and cytotoxin (exotoxin B)
- pseudomembranous colitis (can be ppt by clindamycin/ampicillin)
-
Spastic paralysis toxin
Clostridium tetani toxin
-
Clostridium botulinum
bad canned foods have neurotoxin = flaccid paralysis (block Ach release)
-
Infant Botulinum
Floppy baby syndrome - preformed toxin in honey
-
Thayer Martin Agar
Neisseria ID
-
DOC for N. gonorrhoeae
Ceftriazone
-
K1 E. coli capsular Ag
Related w/ neonateal meningitis
-
The A's of Klebsiella
- Alcoholics
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Abscesses in lungs
-
Rice H2O Diarrhea
Vibrio Cholera: metabolic acidosis
-
Raw seafood intoxication
Vibrio parahemolyticus
-
Helicobacter Tx
Bismouth salts; Metronidazole; Tetracycline (or amoxicillin)
-
Increased risk of P. aeroginosa infection
Burn patients and cystic fibrosis
-
Contact lens infection
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
-
Cat bites
Pasteurella multocida
-
-
Bordet Gengou Agar
Bordetella pertusis ID
-
Lowenstein - Jensen medium
M. tuberculosis ID
-
Cat scratch disease
- Bartonella henselae. Leion can resemble Kaposi's sarcoma
- Toxoplasmosis
-
-
-
Parvovirus 19
Fifth disease: erythema infectiosum (ssDNA) linked w/ sickle cell anemia
-
Interferon MOA
Inhibits viral replication (translation or transcription)
-
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus and coxsackie A
-
Parainfluenza Causes
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
-
Swimming pool Conjunctivitis
Adenovirus types 3 and 4
-
RSV
Bronchiolitis in infants
-
Removed tonsils finds what virus
In 80% adenovirus, in immunosuppressed activation can occur
-
Bone Fever
Dengue: group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos
-
HbsAg
- Appears in blood soon after infection before onset of acute illness
- Disappears w/in 4-6 months after start of clinical illness
-
HbeAg
- Appears early acute phase, indicates higher risk of transmitting the disease
- Disappears before HbsAg is gone
-
Anti-Hbc
- Present in beginning of clinical illness
- Seen in "window phse"
-
Filamentous Bacteria
Actinomycetes = nocardia; actinomyces; streptomyces
-
Listeria contaminants
milk, cheese, vegetables (coleslaw) in recent infections
-
Shiga Like Toxin
E. coli 0157/H7: hemorrhagic colitis and hemorrhagic uremic syndrome
-
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Group A streptococci
-
Relapsing fever
Borrelia recurrentis
-
Loffler's medium
Corneybacterium diphtheriae
-
Chlamydiae Development Cycle
- Elementary Body: infectious particle that enters the cell
- Reticulate Body: made from elementary body. Replicates, differentiates and releases elementary bodies to infect other cells
- With infection you will see glycogen containing inclusions
- Cell wall lacks muramic acid
-
Trench fever
Rochalimaea quintana
-
"Spotted Fever" Members
- Rickettssia rickettssii (RSMF) and R. akari (rickettsial pox) in US.
- R. sibirica (tick typhus in China) and R. australis (typhus in Australia)
-
Thrush Tx
Nystatin tx candidiasis of mouth
-
Rose Bush Thorns
Have Sporothrix schenckii
-
Contact lens solution infection
Acanthamoeba
-
Filiariasis Causant
Wucheria bancrofti (infection aka elephantitis and wucheriasis)
-
Fresh water lake infection
Causes amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri
-
Reduviid bug bite
Transmits Trypanoma cruzi (Chagas' disease): Romana's sign
-
Schistosoma Haematobium causes
Bladder calcification and cancer
-
Schistosoma Mansoni causes
Presinusoidal HTN, splenomegaly, esophageal varcies
-
Snail, intermediate host of ...
Schistosomiasis
-
Ixodes scapularis transmitis
Babesia (clinically resembles malaria) and Borelia burgdorferi
-
Nantucket protozoa
Babesia microt
-
Infection by Tse Tse Fly
Trypansoma brucei gambiense and rhodiense: African Sleeping Sickness
-
Infection by sandfly
Leishmaniasis: mucoutaneous disease by L. braziliensis and visceral disease by L. donovani and dermal Leishman by L. tropica, mexicana, peruviana
-
Infection by Ixodes tick
Babesia microti: Babesiosis and Borrelia burgdorferi: lyme disease
-
Infection by Anopheles Mosquito
Malaria
-
Trophozoites w/ "face like" appearance
Giardia lamblia
-
Nonseptate Hyphae
Zygomycosis: Rhizopus and Mucor. Only mycosis w/o septate, infect Ketoacidotic diabetics
-
Histoplasmosis Geography
Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri river vallies
-
Coccidioidomycosis Geography
Southwestern deserts, California
-
Blastomycosis Geography
States east of Mississippi river
-
Paracoccidioidomycosis Geography
Latin America
-
Roseola Infection, aka
Exanthema Subitum: "sixth disease" (Human Herpes Virus - 6 dsDNA, enveloped)
-
Herpangina
"Hand-Foot-and-Mouth" disease: Coxsackie A (Picornavirus +ssRNA)
-
Orthomyxovirus
- -ssRNA, enveloped virus
- Spike Glycoproteins (peplomeres): HA = Hemagluttinin & NA - Neuraminidase. These Peplomeres are what gives the virus antigenis variation
- Influenza A & B
-
Paramyxovirus
- -RNA, enveloped. Most common cause of respiratory infection in kids
- Mumps
- Croup (Parainfluenza virus)
- Rubeola (Measles virus)
- RSV
-
Togavirus
- +ssRNA, enveloped
- 3 day measles: german measles: Rubella/ Rubivirus
- Encephalitis virus: Alphaviruses: Eastern (more sensitive) and Western Equine Encephalitis
-
Flavivirus
- Dengue Fever - icterus and hemorrhage w/ blac vomit
- Yellow fever
- St. Louis Encephalitis - no hepatitis or hemorrhage
-
Bunyavirus
- -ssRNA, enveloped
- California Encephalitis - sever bifrontal headaches
- Hantavirus - hemorrhagic fever w/ acute respiratory distress syndrome
-
Diphtheria: ABCDEFG
- Adenopathy
- Beta prophage encodes the exotoxin
- Corneybacteria is Club shaped
- Diphtheria
- Elongation Factor II
- Granules (metachromatic)
-
Only ssDNA
Parvovirus: "Part of a virus"
-
Only dsRNA
Reovirus, "Repeat Ovirus"
-
Naked RNA
"Naked for CPR" Calcivirus, Picornoviurs, Reovirus
-
2 Circular DNA's
Papovavirus and Hepadnavirus
-
BK
- Papovaviurs
- Seen in kidney transplant pts (causes renal disease)
-
Hepadna, Retrovirus?
No, but has reverse transcriptase
-
Picornovirus: "PERCH"
Poiliovirus, Echo, Rhino, Coxsackie, Hep A
-
Hemorrhagic Fevers
Filovirus and Bunyavirus (Hantavirus)
-
Segmented Virus
All RNA: Orthomyxo, Arena; Bunya; Reo
-
Eclipse Phase
No internal virus. 1 total virus per cel
-
Latent Phase
No external virus. Extracellular virus found
-
Naked Capsid Virus
Nucleocapsid. DNA or RNA + structural proteins
-
Enveloped Virus
Membrane. Nucleocapsid + Glycoprotein
-
Interferon
Non virus specific. Works by RNA endonuclease = digests viral DNA + inh viral prot synthesis
-
AIDS structural proteins
Gag, pol, env
-
AIDS regulatory Proteins
Tat, rev, nef
-
AIDS gp41 env prot
Transmembrane
-
AIDS gp120 env prot
Surface
-
-
-
AIDS p7p9 gag prot
Nucleocapsid
-
DNA Virus
AHHPPP
- A = Adeno
- H = Herpes - E
- H = Hepadna - E, Circ
- P = Pax - E,Brick rep in cyto, Circ
- P = Parvo - ss
- P = Papova - ico rep in Nuc
-
(+) RNA Virus
CPRFTC
- C = Calici
- P = Picorno
- R = Reo - E, R-Tase & Rep in Nuc
- F = Flavi - E
- T = Toga - E
- C = Corona - E, Helical, Ico (+) linear, No segment, rep in cyto
-
(-) RNA Virus
FORPAB
- F = Filo
- O = Orthomyxo - 8
- R = Rhabdo - Bullet
- P = Paramyxo
- A = Arena - 2, antisense
- B = Bunya - 3, antisense, (-) E Helical linear, non seg
-
Hepatitis Window Period
After HbsAg disappears and before HbsAb appears
-
-
-
-
-
-
Downey Type III Cells
EBV
-
Infection by Aedes Mosquito
Yellow Fever: Flavivirus: Black vomit, jaundice, high fever
-
"Hot T- Bone stEAk" ILs
- IL1 = increase temp: HOT
- IL2 = stimulate T cells
- IL3 = stimulate Bone Marrow stem cells' growth and differentation (GM CSF)
- IL4 = stimulate IgE (& IgG)
- IL5 = stimulate IgA (& eosinophils)
-
ILs Secreted by CD4's
IL2, IL4, IL%, IFN gamma
-
ILs secreted by macrophages
IL2 and TNF alpha
-
C5a
- neutral chemotaxis
- when it is w/ C3a, participates in anaphylaxis
-
C5 Convertase
- when both alternative and classic pathways come together
- Alternative: C3b, Bb, C3b + C3a --> C5
- Classic: 2b, 3b, C3a + C4b --> C5
-
Only Richettssia not Intracellular
Quintana
-
Plasmodium Life Cycle
- Sporozoites: from blood to liver
- Primary tissue schizant
- Trophozoites: in RBC
- Erythrocytic schizont
- Merozoite: ruptured RBC
- Gametozyte
- Zygote: inside the mosquito
-
Acanthamoeba
Star shaped cysts
-
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
Nonseptate, filamentous, 90 degree branching, indian in, capsular halos
-
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Monomorphic
-
Candida
Yeast normally, pseudo & true hyphae in tissue infections
-
Aspergillus Fumigatum
45 degree branching point, asoc'd w/ CF and burn pts
-
Cocciodes
Hyphae in wild. Artroconidia. Arthocondida and Hyphae, Sherules w/ endospores
-
Histoplasma Cap
Hyphae in wild. Microcondida w/ tuberculate macrocondida. Fac intracellular. In the tissue its a yeast w/ a small neck
-
Blastomycosis
Hyphae in wild
-
Sporothrix Schenkii
Hyphae in wild. Pots iodide in milk. Pneumonia in alcoholics
-
PCP
Obligate parasite. Kills type I pneumo cells. Ground glass
-
Gram (-) bugs w/ Exotoxins
- E. coli
- V. Cholera
- Bordetella pertussis
-
Dermatophytes
- Trichophyton: SHN
- Microsporium: SH
- Epidermophyton: SN
- Tinea tavus: perm hair loss
-
Trophozoite
Diarrheal/common infection - transmission and diagnosis
- Transmission / Diagnosis
- E. Histolitica - cysts / trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Giardia - cysts / trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Cryptosporidium - cysts / acid fast oocytes
- Balantium C. - cysts / trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Trichomonas V. - Trophozoites / motile trophozoites
-
Malaria types
- Fever / Fever Spikes / cell features
- Vivax - benign 3 degrees / 48 hrs / enlarged host cell
- Ovale - benign 3 degrees / 48 hrs / oval or jagged
- malariae - 4 deg of Malarial / 72 hrs regular / crescent
- Falciparum - malignant 3 deg
|
|