Micro

• Citrobacter
• Enterobacter
• E. Coli (K1 capsule most important)
• Klebsiella

• Shigella *
• Yersinia enterolytica (AKA Pestis) *
• * Motile: make H2S
• Proteus**
• Salmonella**
• ** Non motile: noH2S

• "These rascals may microscopically lack color"
• Treponema
• Ricksetta
• Mycobacterium
• Mycoplasma
• Legionella
• Chlamydia

• Cholera
• Anthracis (poly D glutamate capsule)
• Pertusis (via Gi)
• E. Coli (LT entertoxin)

• "Some killers have pretty nice capsules"
• Sterp. pneumoniae
• Klebsiella
• HiB
• Pseudamona aeroginosa
• Neisseria meningitis
• Cryptococcus neoformans (only encasulated fungal pathogen)

• "Can Also Have Both Shapes"
• Cocciodes
• Aspergillus
• Histoplasma
• Blastomyces
• Sprothrix schenkii

• O = Salmonella
• B = Botulinum
• E = Erythrogenic strep
• D = Diptheria

Bacilus and Clostridium (have calcium di-picolinate)

• Neisseria (meningitidis and gonnorhoae)
• Haemophilus Influenzae (needs factors V and X for growth)
• S. pneumoniae
• w/ this activity these bugs are able to colonize the oral mucosa

Salmonella (Salmonella begins in ileocecal region) agglutination indicates Abs to O, H, Vi Salmunella Ags

Yersinia

Person to person cf w/ Bubonic plaque that was via infected flea

Predisposes to septicemia

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Vincent's trench mouth

Dextran mediated adherence

Pseudomonas & Mycobacterium

Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides

A protein, Catalase +, Coagulase +

Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira

Corenybacterium D & Nocardia

Mycobacterium; Cryptosporidium; Nocardia (partially); Leginoella micdadei; Isospora

• Serrata - red (can cause pseudohemoptysis)
• Pseudomonas A - piocyanin blue/green
• Staph aureus - yellow - Protein A
• Mycobacteria - photo/scoto chromogenic - caritinoid - yellow/orange
• Corneybacterium D - black/grey - pseudomembrane plaque in throat
• Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) melaninogenicus - black (heme)
• E. coli - irredescent green sheen

• Pneumococci - lancet shaped diplococci
• Neisseria - kidney bean shaped diplococci
• Camphylobacter - gulls' wings/comas
• Vibrio Cholera - coma shaped
• Corneybacterium D - club shaped (nonmotile, G+ Rod)
• Yersinia - safety pin seen in Wayson's stain

• Rabies - Negri bodies - intracytoplasmic
• Pox virus Guarnieri - intracytoplasmic and acidophilic
• CMV - Owl's eyes - intracytoplasmic and intranuclear
• HSV - Cowdry bodies - intranuclear

Intestinal - contact w/ bad water

Vesicular - contact w/ bad water

Swimmer's itch - contact w/ bad water

• Chinese liver fluke - eating raw fish
• Tx - Praziquantel

• Sheep - eating raw fish
• Tx - Praziquantel

• Giant intestinal flukes - eating raw fish.
• Tx - Praziquantel

• Lung fluke - eating raw fish
• Tx - Praziquantel

Neiserria and most Gram (-)'s

Camphylobacter and Helicobacter

• All Proteus - can cause Staghorn/Striuvate calculi (NH₄^-, Mg²⁺ stones): alkaline urine
• Ureaplasma
• Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter)
• Cryptococcus
• Nocardia

Staph and Yersenia pestis

Chlamydia pistacci (don't make own ATP); Mycobacterium lepare; and all Rickettsia except Roachalimea (they make enough ATP to survive)

Plasmodium; Taxoplasma ghondi; Babesin; Leishmania; Trypanosoma cruzi

Treptonema palidum and Pneumocystis carinii (can not be cultured on inert media but can be found extra cellulary in body )

X - protoporphyrin and V - NAD

Gram positive except for Neisseria and Moraxella

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has fried eggy colonies on Eaton agar (needs cholesterol)

• No cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol. Smallest living bacteria
• P1 protein inhs ciliary action
• Fried egg colonies
• Atypical pneumonia - young adults

Fungal media

Spaghetti and meat ball

• Cough - Coryza - Conjuctivitis
• Can also have photophobia
• May lead to subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

B. anthracis and C. perfringens

EIEC - EHEC - Shigella - Yersenia enterocoliticia - Entaemeba histolytica - Salmonella - Campylobacter jejuni

N. meningitidis vaccine capsular polysaccharide strains

Cryptococcus neoformans

Colonization in the nasal passage after swimming

• "Ella likes cysteine"
• Francisella
• Brucella
• Legionella
• Pasturella

Gram (-): N. meningitidis

pseudomonas aeroginosa. Target shaped skin lesions w/ a black center and red ring surrounding the lesion

Gram (+): Bacillus and Clostridium - made up of dipicolinate and Keratin

Nocardia

Actinomyces israelli

Asplenic; Sickle cell anemia; immunocompromising illness

Strep. Pneumoniae

Strep viridans (subacute endocarditis)

Novobiocin resistant (UTI)

Novobiocin sensitive (endocarditis in IVDU's)

• Strep. Pyogenes (pharyngitis, scarlet fever, cellulitis, impetigo, Rheumatic fever)
• Hyaluronic capsule, non-motile; M proteins; Endotoxin A

Strep Agalactiae (diabetes predisposes to infection)

Diptheria toxin and Peudomonas exotoxon A.

• Protective antigen (PA)
• lethal factor = toxic macrophages
• Edema factor = increased cAMP

• Bacillus anthracis
• DOC - Penicillin

Bacillus cereus

• Double zone beta hemolysis (test)
• lecithinase: alpha toxin = lyses RBCs
• 80% of gas gangrene (myonecrosis) cases

• 2 toxins - enterotoxin (exotoxin A) and cytotoxin (exotoxin B)
• pseudomembranous colitis (can be ppt by clindamycin/ampicillin)

Clostridium tetani toxin

bad canned foods have neurotoxin = flaccid paralysis (block Ach release)

Floppy baby syndrome - preformed toxin in honey

Neisseria ID

Ceftriazone

Related w/ neonateal meningitis

• Alcoholics
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Abscesses in lungs

Vibrio Cholera: metabolic acidosis

Vibrio parahemolyticus

Bismouth salts; Metronidazole; Tetracycline (or amoxicillin)

Burn patients and cystic fibrosis

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Pasteurella multocida

Brucella

Bordetella pertusis ID

M. tuberculosis ID

• Bartonella henselae. Leion can resemble Kaposi's sarcoma
• Toxoplasmosis

Adenovirus

6p

Fifth disease: erythema infectiosum (ssDNA) linked w/ sickle cell anemia

Inhibits viral replication (translation or transcription)

Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus and coxsackie A

Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

Adenovirus types 3 and 4

Bronchiolitis in infants

In 80% adenovirus, in immunosuppressed activation can occur

Dengue: group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos

• Appears in blood soon after infection before onset of acute illness
• Disappears w/in 4-6 months after start of clinical illness

• Appears early acute phase, indicates higher risk of transmitting the disease
• Disappears before HbsAg is gone

• Present in beginning of clinical illness
• Seen in "window phse"

Actinomycetes = nocardia; actinomyces; streptomyces

milk, cheese, vegetables (coleslaw) in recent infections

E. coli 0157/H7: hemorrhagic colitis and hemorrhagic uremic syndrome

Group A streptococci

Borrelia recurrentis

Corneybacterium diphtheriae

• Elementary Body: infectious particle that enters the cell
• Reticulate Body: made from elementary body. Replicates, differentiates and releases elementary bodies to infect other cells
• With infection you will see glycogen containing inclusions
• Cell wall lacks muramic acid

Rochalimaea quintana

• Rickettssia rickettssii (RSMF) and R. akari (rickettsial pox) in US.
• R. sibirica (tick typhus in China) and R. australis (typhus in Australia)

Nystatin tx candidiasis of mouth

Have Sporothrix schenckii

Acanthamoeba

Wucheria bancrofti (infection aka elephantitis and wucheriasis)

Causes amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri

Transmits Trypanoma cruzi (Chagas' disease): Romana's sign

Bladder calcification and cancer

Presinusoidal HTN, splenomegaly, esophageal varcies

Schistosomiasis

Babesia (clinically resembles malaria) and Borelia burgdorferi

Babesia microt

Trypansoma brucei gambiense and rhodiense: African Sleeping Sickness

Leishmaniasis: mucoutaneous disease by L. braziliensis and visceral disease by L. donovani and dermal Leishman by L. tropica, mexicana, peruviana

Babesia microti: Babesiosis and Borrelia burgdorferi: lyme disease

Malaria

Giardia lamblia

Zygomycosis: Rhizopus and Mucor. Only mycosis w/o septate, infect Ketoacidotic diabetics

Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri river vallies

Southwestern deserts, California

States east of Mississippi river

Latin America

Exanthema Subitum: "sixth disease" (Human Herpes Virus - 6 dsDNA, enveloped)

"Hand-Foot-and-Mouth" disease: Coxsackie A (Picornavirus +ssRNA)

• -ssRNA, enveloped virus
• Spike Glycoproteins (peplomeres): HA = Hemagluttinin & NA - Neuraminidase. These Peplomeres are what gives the virus antigenis variation
• Influenza A & B

• -RNA, enveloped. Most common cause of respiratory infection in kids
• Mumps
• Croup (Parainfluenza virus)
• Rubeola (Measles virus)
• RSV

• +ssRNA, enveloped
• 3 day measles: german measles: Rubella/ Rubivirus
• Encephalitis virus: Alphaviruses: Eastern (more sensitive) and Western Equine Encephalitis

• Dengue Fever - icterus and hemorrhage w/ blac vomit
• Yellow fever
• St. Louis Encephalitis - no hepatitis or hemorrhage

• -ssRNA, enveloped
• California Encephalitis - sever bifrontal headaches
• Hantavirus - hemorrhagic fever w/ acute respiratory distress syndrome

• Adenopathy
• Beta prophage encodes the exotoxin
• Corneybacteria is Club shaped
• Diphtheria
• Elongation Factor II
• Granules (metachromatic)

Parvovirus: "Part of a virus"

Reovirus, "Repeat Ovirus"

"Naked for CPR" Calcivirus, Picornoviurs, Reovirus

Papovavirus and Hepadnavirus

• Papovaviurs
• Seen in kidney transplant pts (causes renal disease)

No, but has reverse transcriptase

Poiliovirus, Echo, Rhino, Coxsackie, Hep A

Filovirus and Bunyavirus (Hantavirus)

All RNA: Orthomyxo, Arena; Bunya; Reo

No internal virus. 1 total virus per cel

No external virus. Extracellular virus found

Nucleocapsid. DNA or RNA + structural proteins

Membrane. Nucleocapsid + Glycoprotein

Non virus specific. Works by RNA endonuclease = digests viral DNA + inh viral prot synthesis

Gag, pol, env

Tat, rev, nef

Transmembrane

Surface

Matrix

Capsid

Nucleocapsid

AHHPPP

• A = Adeno
• H = Herpes - E
• H = Hepadna - E, Circ
• P = Pax - E,Brick rep in cyto, Circ
• P = Parvo - ss
• P = Papova - ico rep in Nuc

CPRFTC

• C = Calici
• P = Picorno
• R = Reo - E, R-Tase & Rep in Nuc
• F = Flavi - E
• T = Toga - E
• C = Corona - E, Helical, Ico (+) linear, No segment, rep in cyto

FORPAB

• F = Filo
• O = Orthomyxo - 8
• R = Rhabdo - Bullet
• P = Paramyxo
• A = Arena - 2, antisense
• B = Bunya - 3, antisense, (-) E Helical linear, non seg

After HbsAg disappears and before HbsAb appears

Picorna

Hepadna

Flavi

Delta

Calici

EBV

Yellow Fever: Flavivirus: Black vomit, jaundice, high fever

• IL1 = increase temp: HOT
• IL2 = stimulate T cells
• IL3 = stimulate Bone Marrow stem cells' growth and differentation (GM CSF)
• IL4 = stimulate IgE (& IgG)
• IL5 = stimulate IgA (& eosinophils)

IL2, IL4, IL%, IFN gamma

IL2 and TNF alpha

• neutral chemotaxis
• when it is w/ C3a, participates in anaphylaxis

• when both alternative and classic pathways come together
• Alternative: C3b, Bb, C3b + C3a --> C5
• Classic: 2b, 3b, C3a + C4b --> C5

Quintana

• Sporozoites: from blood to liver
• Primary tissue schizant
• Trophozoites: in RBC
• Erythrocytic schizont
• Merozoite: ruptured RBC
• Gametozyte
• Zygote: inside the mosquito

Star shaped cysts

Nonseptate, filamentous, 90 degree branching, indian in, capsular halos

Monomorphic

Yeast normally, pseudo & true hyphae in tissue infections

45 degree branching point, asoc'd w/ CF and burn pts

Hyphae in wild. Artroconidia. Arthocondida and Hyphae, Sherules w/ endospores

Hyphae in wild. Microcondida w/ tuberculate macrocondida. Fac intracellular. In the tissue its a yeast w/ a small neck

Hyphae in wild

Hyphae in wild. Pots iodide in milk. Pneumonia in alcoholics

Obligate parasite. Kills type I pneumo cells. Ground glass

• E. coli
• V. Cholera
• Bordetella pertussis

• Trichophyton: SHN
• Microsporium: SH
• Epidermophyton: SN
• Tinea tavus: perm hair loss

• Transmission / Diagnosis
• E. Histolitica - cysts / trophozoites or cysts in stool
• Giardia - cysts / trophozoites or cysts in stool
• Cryptosporidium - cysts / acid fast oocytes
• Balantium C. - cysts / trophozoites or cysts in stool
• Trichomonas V. - Trophozoites / motile trophozoites

• Fever / Fever Spikes / cell features
• Vivax - benign 3 degrees / 48 hrs / enlarged host cell
• Ovale - benign 3 degrees / 48 hrs / oval or jagged
• malariae - 4 deg of Malarial / 72 hrs regular / crescent
• Falciparum - malignant 3 deg