BIOL141-C.7 Nervous System.txt

__________ cells aid the functions of neurons and are about five times more abundant than neurons.

In the CNS, supporting cells are collectively called _____________

A multipolar neuron located entirely within the CNS. It integrates functions of the Nervous System.

A neuron that transmits impulses from a sensory receptor into the CNS

A neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an effector organ (i.e. a muscle).

Consists of brain and spinal cord

Nerves, ganglia, and nerve plexuses (outside CNS)

Cablelike collection of many axons in the PNS; may be "mixed" (contain sensory and motor neurons).

Nerve hat stimulates contractions of skeletal muscles

Nerve that stimulates (OR inhibits) contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and stimulates glandular secretion

Grouping of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

grouping of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

Grouping of axons that interconnect regions of the CNS

______________ is energy-dependent and is often divided into a fast component and two slow components.

transport from the cell body to the axon and dendrites. This is called ________ (uses kinesin protein).

transport along the axon and dendrites toward the cell body is known as __________ (uses dynein protein).

2 types of motor neurons:

these neurons innervate involuntary effectors

neuron responsible for both reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

_____ have two processes, one at either end; this type is found in the retina of the eye

the most common type of neuron. have several dendrites and one axon. (i.e. motor neurons)

_________ (also called neurolemmocytes), form myelin sheaths around PNS axons

____________ (or ganglionic gliocytes) support neuron cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS

form myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS

___________ migrate through the CNS and phagocytose foreign and degenerated material

___________ help to regulate the external environment of neurons in the CNS

___________ cells line the ventricles (cavities) of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

All axons in the PNS (myelinated and unmyelinated) are surrounded by a continuous living sheath of Schwann cells, known as the _______________, or sheath of Schwann

gaps in the myelin sheath exposed to produce nerve impulses

white matter = ________

gray matter = _________

An autoimmune disease leading to degeneration of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths, which can develop hardened scars in the brain

_____________ promote neuron growth (in fetal development)

Because K+ diffuse out of neurons, ______ take up this excess (maintains proper ion environment)

Astrocytes take up neurotransmitters to transform them to _________ and release back to the neruons (recycling)

____________ support synapse function and creation

astrocytes help stem cells form glial cells and neurons. this is called ______________

The blood brain barrier is supported by ___________

molecules within brain capillaries must be moved through the endothelial cells by diffusion and active transport, as well as by endocytosis and exocytosis. This feature of brain capillaries imposes a very selective ___________

All cells in the body maintain a potential difference (voltage) across the membrane, or ___________, in which the inside of the cell is negatively charged in comparison to the outside of the cell

resting membrane potential for a neuron is

If appropriate stimulation causes positive charges to flow into the cell, this change is ______________

A return to resting membrane potential is called _______________

stimulation causes the inside of the cell to become more negative than the resting membrane potential, this change is called _____________

What medication acts by increasing the action of nitric oxide as a treatment for erectile dysfunction?

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are produced by

A nerve is a bundle of axons in the CNS T/F?
True False

What portion of the neuron is NOT involved in integration?

A lack of extracellular Ca2+ would cause increased release of neurotransmitters T/F?
True False

Destruction of astrocytes would decrease the rate at which action potentials are transmitted T/F?
True False

Neurotransmitter release can be inhibited by damaging the SNARE complex T/F?
True False

The normal effect of b-endorphin can be blocked by

Axons originate at the ___________

Which of the following affect(s) acetylcholine synaptic transmission? curare, strychnine, botulinum toxin

Which ion's outward diffusion movement is responsible for repolarization?

Which poison inhibits glycine receptors?

which type of synapse has a "delayed" impulse?

The varied strength of synaptic transmission is called

The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than ____________ ions.

Fetal neuron growth requires the actions of a group of chemicals known as ________

What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations?

___________________ are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS

Conduction of an action potential in a (myelinated) axon is called ___________

Sensory nerves regulate muscle contraction T/F?
True False

the opening of Cl- channels into the neuron produces a(n) __________ on the postsynpatic membrane

muscarinic receptors are a type of glutamate receptor T/F?
True False

conduction through dendrites and cell bodies of neurons are NOT action potentials T/F?
True False

Do all cells have a membrane potential?

myelinated axons in the CNS: ____________

increased __________ of stimuli: this is the coding system used for neurons to get a greater response.

Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by ____________ & _____________

astrocytes phagocytose foreign material in the CNS T/F?
True False

_____ which is secreted as a hormone from the small intestine, is also released from neurons and used as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Promotes satiety (i.e. after eating).

Cholinergic fibers use ____ as the neurotransmitter

Cells become more negative during ______________________.

The capacity of synapses for alteration at the molecular level is termed ___________

What type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS?

Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the ____________

If the binding of muscarine to its receptor (in the heart) causes the beta-gamma complex (of the G-protein) to bind to a K+ channel... then the K+ channel will _____, leading to _____polarization and inhibition.

Glutamate opens ion channels through ________ receptors binding to glycine, releasing ____ to open them. (in partially depolarized membrane).

Hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell is caused by _______ and movement of _____ out of the cell

The period of time when Na+ channels are recovering from their inactive state, AND K+ channels are still open are ________ and ____________ periods

__________ axonal transport may be responsible for movement of herpes virus, rabies virus, and tetanus toxin from nerve terminals to the cell body

What channels are present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials?

Atropine is an antagonist to nicotine T/F?
True False

_________ can bind to nicotine receptors.

moves TOWARD the cell body, uses molecular motor proteins of DYNEIN, & moves membranes, vesicles, and VIRUSES

saltatory conduction is condution of a(n) ______________ in a myelinated axon

enkephalins, dynorphins, endorphins are examples of natural ___________

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) would be produced by a neurotransmitter opening ________ channels

Electrical synapses are functionally linked by ______ junctions

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)-- proteins that are present at ________ synapses to ensure ____ of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes?

Axonal transport is NOT passive T/F?
True False

Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires release of ___ from the postsynaptic neuron membrane

Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by blocking _________ influx in the axon terminal.

The greater the number of depolarization regions on an axon, the faster the action potential will be conducted T/F?
True False

________ are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS

alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, and close them... leading to depolarization-- This is the action of binding ________ to its receptors in the ________ system.

_________ is found around PNS axons, which are NOT found around CNS axons.

MAO inhibitors may cause hypertensive crisis by a person eating foods rich in __________

The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars

The __________ dopamine system may be involved in emotional reward and drug addiction.

Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called __________

Axonal _________ is inhibited by myelin-associated inhibitory protein

________ blocks the reUPTAKE of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

What portion of the neuron is NOT involved in integration?

Endogenous opioids transmit impulses of pain T/F?
True False

What type of autonomic fibers release ACh at effectors?

neurons that use ACh (acetylcholine) as a NT (neurotransmitter) are called _________ neurons