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Genes
Functional unit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another generation.
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Homologous Chromosome
One or two paired chromosomes, one from each plant, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location.
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Gamete
A haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg.
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Haploid
Cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid (2n) cell.
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Fertilization
Process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromosomes from the male parent.
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Diploid
Having two copies of each chromosome. (2n)
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Meiosis
Reduction division process, occuring only in reproductive cells, in which one diploid cell (2n) produces 4 haploid cells (n) that are not genetically identical.
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Crossing Over
Exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis.
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Genetics
Science of heredity.
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Allele
Alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait.
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Dominant
Mendel's name for a specific trait that appeared in the F1 generation.
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Recessive
Mendel's name for a specific trait hidden or masked in the F1 generation.
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Homozygous
Organism with two of the same alleles for a specific trait.
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Heterozygous
organism with two different alleles for a specific trait.
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Genotype
An organism's allele pairs.
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Phenotype
observable characteristic that is expressed as a result of an allele pair.
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Law of Segregation
Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait spereate during meiosis.
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Hybrid
Organism heterozygous for a specific trait.
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Law of Independent Assortment
Mendelian law stating that a random distribution of alleles occurs during the formation of gametes.
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Genetic Recombination
New combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment.
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Polyploidy
Having one or more extra sets of all chromosomes which, in polyploid plants, can often result in greater size and better growth and survival.
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