Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Lipoprotiens

This is the main energy source for the human body, provides the body with basic fuel.

_______ is the universal energy source for biological reactions.

chemical formula for glucose.

what are the four different properties that classifications of carbohydrates are based on?

aldehyde as its functional group

ketone as its funtional group

this is a straight chain or cyclic, hemiacetal form

this is more representative or the actual carbohydrate structure.

when two carbohydrate molecules split, one molecule of water is used to form individual compounds.

the bond between monosaccharides is called what?

simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, and glactose that contain 3-6 carbons are called what?

what are the only carbohydrates that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining?

which three monsaccharides share the same molecular formula?

This type of carbohydrate contains 2-10 monosaccharides, most are reducing sugars.

these sugars also called double sugars are formed on the interaction of groups between 2 monosaccharides with the production of water molecule.

this disaccharide is a common table sugar; it is a combination of glucose and fructose.

what is the enzyme required to hydrolyze lactose?

these are long chains (10 or more) of carbohydrates also know as complex carbohydrates; they are present in most grain products

This polymer of glucose is used by plants to store glucose; most common sources are rice, beans, corn etc.

this polymer of glucose is used by animals to store energy

what is the most common non reducing sugar?

synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells is know as what?

breakdown of all molecules to obtain eneregy is know as what?

A protein molecule that functions as an organic catalyst to speed a chemical reaction without itself being affected by the reaction.

What is the enzyme reponsible for the digestion of disaccharides?

what is the only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen?

within the cell glucose is rapidly converted to __________ a major intermediate in glucose metabolism that serves as a starting point for 4 metabolic pathways.

what is the metabolism of glucose to either pyruvate or lactate for production of energy?

_____ and _________ are required to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

two pyruvate molecules the dominant product of what type of glycolysis?

In this type of glycolysis oxygen is depleted and lactate is the dominant product.

a biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA, producing CO2, H+, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

what is the waste product that diffuses out of the cell?

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle accounts for how many immediate ATP molecules?

What is the glycolytic pathyway also know as?

where does the electron transport chain occur?

How does the Electron Transport Chain work?

how may ATP molecules does one glucose molecule yield?

what type of glycolysis can cause muscle fatigue, pain, cramps, and soreness?

This is a detour of G6P from the glycolytic pathway to become 6-phosphogluconic acid.

6-phosphogluconic acid leads to the formation of what?

This is used for the synthesis of fatty acids and stgeroids for tissues such as mammary glands, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, and the liver.

this helps RBC's protect the RBC cell membrane from the damaging effects of oxidants and free radicals.

This is the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage.

This is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy.

what are the major depots of glycogen?

what is the process called when the liver will synthesize glucose from lipids or proteins?

this the the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into cells; it is the only hormone that produces a decrease in blood glucose levels.

insulin is produced by the _____ cells of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas.

what hormone is referred to as a hypoglycemic agent?

this is the primaryt hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels; referred to as hyperglycemic agent

glucagon is secreted by the ______ cells of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas.

This hormone produced by the adrenal medulla increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin secretion durring stress.

This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and increases plasma glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake by the tissues.

this hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland and increases plasma glucose by increasing intestinal absorption of glucose.

This hormone is produced by the delta cells in the islet of langerhans and increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones.

reference range for plasma glucose levels

What are some laboratory findings associated with hyperglycemia
Increased:
Decreased:

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secreastion, action, or both.

an genetically related absolute deficiency of insulin secretion that commonly occurs in children

polydipsia, polyhphagia, polyuria, rapid weight loss, hyperventilation, mental confusion, and loss of consciousness are all signs ans symptoms of what?

nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and increased risk of heart disease are all complications of what?

This is a result of individual's resistance to insulin, with an insulin secretory defecet.

in what type of diabetes is ketoacidosis more likely?

Chances of developing this are increased in patients that are obese and live sedentary lifestyles.

Elevated blood sugar due to certain hormones that occur only durring pregnancy.

Four diagnostic criteria for gestational DM

This test where a 50-g glucose load is given to a patient is called O'Sullivan-Mahan glucose challenge test

if 1-hour postload glucose results are ______ perform a 3hr OGTT using 100g glucose.

GDM is diagnosed when two of the following four values are met or exceeded durring 3hr OGTT.

If a patient has a fasting glucose level >200 mg/dL how is diabetes mellitus confirmed?

normal reference value for 2-hr OGTT

this is life threatening because the brain and cardiac cells depend on glucose in the blood and interstitial fluid.

what is the most common congenital form of glycogen storage disease?

This disease causes hypoglycemia because glycogen builds up in the liver and cannot be coverted back to glucose; transplantation is needed to correct hypoglycemia.

this is a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl tranferase that if left untreated will result in metal retardation and cataracts.

in this failure to thrive condition galactose must be removed from the diet.

This is the most specific glucose measurement.

uric acid, bilirubin, and ascorbic acid can cause falsely decreased values in what test?

bleach and other oxidizing substances can falsely increase values of what test?

This is the reference method of glucose measurement where gross hemolysis and extremely elevated bilirubin may cause false decrease in results.

glucose concentration in whole blood is approx. ____ lower than in serum or plasma.

normal reference range for serum glucose
Fasting:
Post meal:

normal reference range for CSF glucose.

This is a non specific test based on copper reduction used to ID reducing substances.

this test is reccomended by the ADA to determine endogenous insulin response.

This is the screening test for glucose utilization where patients take 75mg of glucola

the most reliable test method for monitoring long term diabetes control

what is the specimen of choice for HgbA1c?

what is the normal value of HgbA1c?

this is a powerful detector for the future development of diabetic nephropathy.

__________ is confirmed when two specimens collected within a six month period are elevated.

these are products of incomplete fat metabolism.

Any heterogeneous group of fats and fat-like substances that is water-insoluble and extractable by solvents such as alcohol.

these are a rich source of energy and an efficient way for the body to store excess calories

these are linear chains of carbon-hydrogen bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group; most have an even number of carbons.

what type of fatty acid has no double bonds.

what type of fatty acid has one double bond.

what type of bond has two or more double bonds.

This allows for compact energy storage within the body and contains a glycerol+3 fatty acids.

this provides insulation to vital organs in form of fat deposits in adipose tissues.

Which two hormones promote triglyceride breakdown.

this unsaturated steroid alcohol is found exclusively in animals and is not readily catabolized by most cells.

This manufactures and repairs cell membranes and is a precursor of 5 major classes of steroid hormones.

This is an amphipathic compound formed by the conjungation of two fatty acids and a phosphate functional group.

Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood stream.

these are used to transport lipids through the bloodstream and increase solubility of lipids.

what are the 5 types of lipoproteins?

These are a major carrier of exogenous triglycerides produced by the intestines

these readily float to the top of stored plasma and form a creamy layer due to its lightness.

These are major carries of endogenous triglycerides produced by the liver.

This lipoprotein contains 50% cholesterol by weight and are responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to the bloodstream and peripheral tissues. It is also know as "bad cholesterol"

These are the smalles and most dense lipo proteins that take excess cholesterol from the tissue and return it to the liver. it is also know as "good cholesterol"

The amount of this lipoprotein is inversely related to risk of cardiovascular disease

Elevated levels fo this LDL-like particle are thought to confer increased risk for premature CHD and stroke.

This acts on triglycerides by removing one fatty acid chain at a time.

A chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, with a resulting loss of elasticity

this is the single leading cause of death and disability.

these are nodules in the skin formed by lipid deposits.

true or false
in coronary heart disease the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol is more meaningful than either value alone.
True False

this is an enzymatic 4-step reaction in which the rate of reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH is measured.

What is the adult reference range for triglycerides?

This is an enzymatic 3-step reaction in which a color complex is formed.

what is the reference range for cholesterol?
Desirable:
Moderate risk:
High risk:

what is the methodology for lipoprotein measurement?

What is the prefered specimen for lipoprotein measurement

Who evaluates electrophoretic patterns for lipoprotein measurement.

this is an enzymatic and colorimetric method where selective percipitation of HDL is followed by cholesterol analysis.

what is the reference range for HDL
Males:
Females:

what is the calculation for VLDL

What is the calculation for LDL

LDL calculation is invalid if triglyceride level is above what?