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Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
Introduced by Albert Bandura. States that ehavior is learned primarily through observing others as well as trial and error.
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Operant Conditioning
Form of learning in which voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened by positive or negative consequences.
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Psychosocial Development
Approach of development that encompasses how we interact and understand one another as well as how we understand ourselves.
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John B. Watson
- Advocate of behavioral approach of psychology. Theorized that if the
- enviroment was controlled, a person's behavior can be modified to
- virtually any outcome.
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Erikson's eigth stages of development
- 1. Trust v. Mistrust 2. Autonomy v. Shame 3. Initiative v. Guilt 4.
- Industry v. Inferiority 5. Identity v. Role Diffusion 6. Intimacy v.
- Isolation 7. Generativity v. Stagnation 8. Ego-integrity v. Despair
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Freud's five stages of development
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital
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Assimilation
Where one uses their current stage of understanding to perceive and understand a new experience.
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Accommodation
When a person changes their way of thinking due to an encounter with new stimuli or events.
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Schemes
Organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.
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Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development
- Suggested that the quality as well as the quantity of information chages
- as people further develop. Stated that understanding of the world is
- seen through assimilation and accommodation.
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Humanistic approach to development
- Rejects the notion that behavior is determined by unconscious thoughts
- and instead suggests that everyone is born with free will. This approach
- has to deal with how people acheive self-actualization.
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Contextual perspective
- Considers the relationship between a person and their physical,
- cognitive, social, and personal worlds. This perspective attempts to
- unmesh people from the rich cultural surroundings in order to understand
- the person better.
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What are the five levels of the bioecological approach and who came up with them?
- Urie Bronfenbrenner identified five levels of enviroment that have
- different effects on development. These are: 1. Microsystem 2.
- Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem 5. Chronosystem
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Microsystem
- Most traditional work in child development has been directed at this
- level. This level is comprised of the family, school, church groups and
- neighborhood peers.
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Mesosystem
- Provides connections between various aspects of the microsystem. It
- acknowledges the indirect influences that bind us to one another, such
- as when parents have a bad day at the office and then are short-tempered
- at home.
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Exosystem
- This encompasses the societal institutions that can directly impact a
- person's life such as the community, local government, the media and
- places of worship.
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Macrosystem
- These are the larger cultural influences on a person. These are more
- abstract, such as society in general, types of government that a person
- lives in, religious and political value systems, and other broad
- influences. Such examples would be the level of importance society
- places on family or education and what identity a person has to a
- subcultural group.
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Chronosystem
- underlies each of the previous systems and how the passage of time
- chages the forementioned systems and therefore, the development of the
- person.
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Information Processing Theory
- Holds that like computers, children have a limited capacity of
- information they can process. As they develop, these children have
- increasingly more sophisticated and efficient ways of processing
- informtion. Aso known as neo-Piagetian theory.
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