Collects and transports interstital fluid to the blood
Helps defend against pathogens
Absorbs lipids from small intestine and transports them to venous system
Lacteals are lymphatic ________ in _________villi, transport absorbed fats from digestive track
capillarie:small intestine
How do lymphatic pathways begin?
Lymphatic Capillaries
Lymphatic Capillaries are ______ that extend to ________ and runs parellel to _______ capilleries
Microscopic dead-end capillaries
intersitial spaces
blood
How are lymph and blood capilleries similar?
both are composed of endothelium(simple squamos epithelium)
How is a lymph capillary different from a blood capillary?
no arterial ends
larger, irregular lumens
more permable
In what tissue will lymphatic capillaries be absent?
CNS
Avascular Tissue(Epidermis & Cartilage)
Lymphatic Vessels
Formed by the merging of lymphatic capillaries, similar to veins
How are Veins and lymphatic vessels similar?
Large lumens
similar walls(lymphatic vessels=thinner walls)
valves(more than veins)
Lymph nodes are organs that consist of _______ tissue surronded by a ________ containing ________ and macrophages.
lymphatic
CT capsule
lymphocytes
Where does lymph get filtered?
Lymph node
How are lymphatic trunks named?
by the region they serve
What merges to form lymphatic trunks?
Lymph vessels(after they have passed lymph nodes)
What are the 2 collecting ducts in the thorax?
Thoracic
Right lymphatic
Where does the thoracic duct empty? What is present at the junction?
left subclavian vein (at the junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins)
valve
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?
the whole body(excpet URQ)
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
abdomen through diaphragm, next to aorta
Where does the right lymphatic duct originate?
Right thorax
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?
right subclavian, near right internal jugular junction
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
URQ
What is Lymph?
fluid that has entered lymphatic capillary
What happens to lymph that has left the collecting ducts?
enters venous system and becomes part of plasma(before entering right atrium)
Where does tissue fluid originate?
blood plasma
How does lymph form?
Plasma filtration exceeds reabsorption, forms tissue fluid
hydrostatic pressure from interstitial spaces forces tissue fliud into lymph capillaries
How does the overlapping of the epithelial cells effect function?
acts as a one way valve, allowing fluids(Debris, proteins, viruses,bacteria) to enter but not exit
How does lymph move in the lymphatic vessels?
Skeletal muscle contraction
smooth muscle contraction
breathing muscles
Any condition that interfers with lymph flow results in_____
Edema
Largest lymphatic organ, 5 inches long
spleen
What is the Hilum? What occurs at the Hilum?
Indented region of lymph node and spleen
blood vessels and nerves communicate with the structures at this location
Where do efferent lymphatic vessels leave the node
at the Hilum
Where do afferent lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node?
Several locations on the Convex Surface
Which of the following contain lymph fluid?
B) lacteals
Inflammation of a lymph node is called _____.
C) lymphadenitis
Which of the following lymphatic areas are totally encapsulated with fibrous tissue?
C) cervical node
Cell-mediated immunity is mainly a function of _____.
D) T cells
The cross reaction that occurs between incompatible blood types is caused by _____ antibodies.
A) M
The right lymphatic and thoracic ducts drain about an equal area of the body
A)True
B)False
B)False
Bacteria cannot enter the blood from a wound in the skin as long as no bleeding is evidenced.
A)True
B)False
B)False
Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing a substance that affects ________
cell membranes.
Immunity provides protection against all types of pathogens and has no "memory."
Non-specific
The skin and mucous membranes can be considered as a ____________ part of innate immunity.
mechanical barriers
Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they contain _________, but unlike blood vessels in that they lack __________.
valves
tunicas
If lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to
become edematous.
large phagocytic, pathogen-destroying cells in body tissues
macrophages
Blood is filtered and cleansed, and erythrocytes are stored in the
spleen
The first step in a B-cell's defense against a microorganism is to
recognize the antigen
What triggers the process of clonal selection in a T cell or B cell?
binding to its antigen
What type of immunity results when a person receives a vaccine that triggers a primary immune
response and leaves memory T and B lymphocytes to initiate an attack if
the pathogen re-enters the body.
Artificially acquired active immunity
The antibody primarily active in allergic responses and the activation of basophils is
IgE
Its progeny are plasma cells
B cells
Materials moving between body cells and blood capillaries pass through the _________, which surrounds all tissue cells
interstitial fluids
The enzyme found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions that acts to destroy bacteria is __________.
a lysozyme
The antibody that acts as a receptor on the surface of B cell is
IgD
An activated _______ rapidly divides to form a clone of plasma cells, which produce antibodies and memory cells.
B lymphocyte
Lymph is filtered and cleansed by the ________ before it is returned to the blood stream.
lymph nodes
An immune response begins when a ________ is activated by binding to
both a foreign antigen and a self antigen on an antigen presenting
cell's plasma membrane.
helper T cells
Shape and size of lymph nodes?
lima-bean
1mm-25mm
Capsule of white CT provides ______ for lymph node.
the outer portion of the lymph node, contains nodules, lymphocytes, and B cells
What is the Medulla? What cells are located there?
the inner portion of a lymph node, contains macrophages and T cells
What are Lymph sinuses?
space between lymph nodule and capsule
Where are 99% of antigens and debris removed from lymph by macrophages, and lymphocytes added to lymph
flowing through the lymph sinuses
What is the functional unit of a lymph node?
Lymph nodules
Regions of Lymph nodes
cervical, axillary, Inguinal
Cavaties with lymph nodes
Pelvic, abdominal, thoracic
What are the 2 primary functions of lymph nodes?
filter lymph and provide immune sureveillance
production center for lymphocytes
Swollen lymph nodes are _____
lymphadenitis
Partially encapsulated lymph nodules, back of mouth or throat
Tonsils
Large aggregates of lymph nodules in the Ileum of small intestine
Peyer's Patch
Soft bilobed lymphatic structure located in the superior mediastinum
thymus
Thymus tends to _____ in size after puberty
Decrease
In the elderly, ______ and _____ often replace the thymus.
Adipose and CT
Thymosins are produced by
Epithelial cells in the thymus
What is the function of thymosin?
stimulates T cell maturation
Lobules of the thymus
Cortex(outer darker region)
Medulla(inner lighter region)
What cells does the cortex contain?
lymphocytes that developed from progenitor cells in the red bone marrow(will develop into T cells)
macrophages
Thymocytes
Thymocytes are
inactivated cells
3 types of T cells
T hepler(TH)
T cytotoxic(TC) aka killer T cells
Suppressor T(TS) aka T-regulator
Where is the TCR located and what does it bind to?
Cell membrane of T cells, binds to specific antigens
How are different T cells identified?
By CD(clusters of differentiation) glycoproteins that are added during T cell maturation
What is the primary CD receptor for TH cells?
CD4
TC primary CD receptor?
CD8
TS primary recptor CD's?
CD4 & CD25
What 3 locations do Developing T cells enter when leaving thymus?
Medullary blood vessels
Efferent lymphatic vessels
other lymphatic tissue to provide immunity
Where is the spleen located? What protects it?
superior left of abdominal cavity, behind stomach under diaphragm
protected by 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs
Where can Hilum be found?
On spleen and lymph nodes
Spleen structure VS Lymph node structure:
Both encapsulated by?
What do they filter?
CT
Node filters lymph, spleen filters blood
Lymphatic organ that is red because it holds a great deal of blood?
spleen
White pulp is composed of _____ and contains _______
Splenic nodules
lymphocytes
Network of reticular fibers surrounding venous sinuses in the spleen
Red pulp
What activates lymphocytes?
coming in contact with pathogens in the blood that is flowing in the spleen
What takes over for the spleen after a splenectomy?
Red Bone Marrow & Liver
Invasion and mulitiplication of a pathogen
infection
Ability to recognize and defend against pathogens
Immunity
2 types of immunity
Innate(nonspecific)
Adaptive(specific)
Examples of edema
Hodgkins
mastectomy
Innate Immunity defenses(7)
Species resistance
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Fever
General defense mechanism with no "memory"
Innate(nonspecific)
Defense mechanism directed against a specific pathogen
Adaptive(specific)
What is the first line of defense in innate immunity?
mechanical barriers
What provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes?
Keratin
Stimulates phaygocytosis
Interferons
How do interferons block viral replication?
by blocking nucleic synthesis
Macrophages and lymphocytes release _______ to induce a fever.
endogenous pyrogens
What regulates body temp?
Hypothalamus
How does a fever help in innate imunity?
liver and spleen decrease iorn
inhibits growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi
phagocytes attacks increase as temp rises
Keeps pathogens localized
inflammation
Cardinal signs of inflammation
redness
edema
heat
pain
function impairment
Pus forms during ______ invasion.
bacterial
During inflammation phaygocytosis what are the first cells to appear?
Neutrophils
Type of immunity where "memory" is involved?
Adaptive(specific)
The major function(s) of a lymph node is/are
D. all of the above
During bacterial infections, the accumulation of dead cells, immune cells, and chemical mediators that form a thick whitish fluid is called
pus
Only lymphocytes possessing ________ that can bind with the ________ on an invading pathogen are involved in the immune response against it.
receptors; antigens
T cells attach themselves directly to antigens and destroy them.
cell-mediated immunity
Lymphocytes originate in _________ and, after maturation, move into _________ where they divide to produce large populations.
red bone marrow; lymphatic organs
A group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens; normally inactive until stimulated by an antigen-antibody complex.
complement
The immunity that one receives from their mother both pre-natal and post-natal is referred to as
passive natural
If lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to
become edematous
B cells that respond to the same antigen and are derived from a single cell are referred to as
clones
The most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are
neutrophils and monocytes
Where are lymph nodes found?
Groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
Which cells are reponsible for humoral immune response?
B cells
Interferons block _______ and stimulate ______ and ______
viral replication
macrophages
B cells
Interleukins control
Lymphocyte differentiation and growth
Lymphocytes originate in _________ and, after maturation, move into _________ where they divide to produce large populations.
red bone marrow; lymphatic organs
The antibody that acts as a receptor on the surface of B cell is
IgD.
A group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens;normally inactive until stimulated by an antigen-antibody complex.
Complement
What are Haptens?
Incomplete Antigens that combine with carrier molecule
Protein produced by body in response to non-self antigen
antibody
Which Immunogobulins are found in plasma and activate the complement?
IgG
IgM
Which Immunogobulins are found in endocrine secreations?
IgE
IgA
Which Immunogobulins is found on B cells?
IgD
Which Immunogobulins can cross placenta and are the smallest and most abundant?
IgG
Which Immunogobulins are the first to be secreated in an inital immune response and produced in blood transfusion?
IgM
Which Immunogobulins prevent the attachment of pathogen to epithelial surfaces?
IgA( found in tears, saliva, breast milk)
Which Immunogobulins are associated with allergic reactions?
IgE
Which Immunogobulins are involved in activating B cells?
IgD
Antibidy direct attacks include
Agglutination( clumping of antigens)
Precipitation(Antigens form insoluable substance)
Neutralization(antigen-antibody complex, virus can't bind to receptor saites to harm cells)
Coating of complement proteins and antibodies to attract phagocytes
Opsonization
Activated complement proteins attract macrophages and neutrophils into region
Chemotaxis
Complement proteins are _____ specific
not antigen
Antibodies are ______ specific
pathogen
Lymphocytes develop in
red bone marrow
Which T cell secreates Cytokins?
TH
T Suppresor
Which T cell secreates Perfornin?
TC
What does perfornin do to cells?
pore opening in membrane, lysis occurs
Chemical substances that act as messanger to enhance cellular response to antigens.
ie; Interleukin-2
Cytokins
What T cell will stop immune response once antigen is destroyed?
TS
Humoral Immunity requires ______ formation
antibody
What cell is an antibody factory?
plasma cell
The _____ vessel drains the arm.
B) subclavian trunk
The lymphatic ducts will empty directly into the _____.
D) subclavian veins
What is one major force that causes interstitial fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries?
D) tissue hydrostatic pressure
The white pulp of the spleen functions to _____.
C) produce lymphocytes
A nonspecific class of chemicals that can inhibit viruses and cancer cell growth is _____.
C) interferon
Which of the following is NOT an enzyme capable of destroying foreign bacteria?
B) fibrin
Which is the most common immunoglobulin for allergies?
A) IgE
Which of the following processes can be initiated by any type of antibody fixation?
D) complement
The process which increases the chance of a neutrophil or monocyte engulfing an invader is _____.
D) opsonization
The increase in antibody levels in a second antigen exposure is due to the _____.
D) memory B cell
Which of these is NOT a function of lymph nodes?
C) produce red blood cells
Where are B lymphocytes believed to mature in adult humans?
A) bone marrow
The red pulp of the spleen functions to _____.
A) phagocytize senescent cells
Which inflammatory response provides the greatest protection from the spread of pathogens?
B) fibroblast activity
What is the main inflammatory blood cell?
D) neutrophil
Which of the following is a specific immune defense?
B) antibody
Where is the greatest number of B cells found?
D) lymph node
Which of the following could NOT be antigenic by themselves?
D) haptens
Which of the following activates the cytotoxic T cells?
B) interleukin-2
Which factor activates phagocytosis by monocytes?
A) gamma-interferon
T cells may produce _____, which is lethal to the target cells invaded by a pathogen.
B) perforin
Humoral immunity is mediated by the _____.
B) B cells
The specific source of antibodies is the _____.
D) plasma cell
A gammaglobinemia will seriously impair which ability?
D) antibody production
The heavy chains of an immunoglobulin differ by having _____.
D) more amino acids
Most of the circulating antibodies are derived from _____ class immunoglobulin.
B) G
Artificially acquired passive immunity could be the result of _____ injection.
B) gamma globulin
Naturally acquired passive immunity results from _____.
C) placental transfer
AIDS is caused by viruses that specifically invade _____.
B) T cells
What traits characterize antigens?
D) Antigens may be proteins, polysaccharides, glycolipids, or glycoproteins that stimulate an immune response.
How are B cells activated?
.D)B cells are activated when their matching antibodies attach to their surfaces and macrophages release cytokines.
A) B cell is activated when it encounters an antigen that matches its B
cell receptors and receives cytokines from helper T cells.
Which type of immunoglobulin molecule is passed on to nursing infants in breast milk?
D) IgA
Which is NOT a property of the red pulp within the spleen?
C) produces lymphocytes
The antibodies involved in allergic reactions
C. belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
The antibody that acts as a receptor on the surface of B cell is
IgD.
Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides produced by cells in response to the presence of
