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Functions of the respiratory system (6)
gas exchange, blood pH, olfactory, sounds, excretion, ACE and blood clots
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Pulmonary ventilation
air from atmosphere to lungs
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External respiration
exchange between lungs and blood
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Internal respiration
exchange between blood and tissues
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Cellular respiration
production of ATP in cells, makes co2
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Blood from heart to lungs uses pulmonary ___
artery
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Blood from lungs to heart uses pulmonary ___
vein
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Alveoli are surrounded by pulmonary ____
capillary
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Type I cells produce ____
ACE
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Type II cells produce _____
surfactant
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Gas exchange occurs across the _____
respiratory membrane
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Boyle's Law
As volume increases pressure decreases
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Gas moves from ____ to ____ pressure
high, low
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Surface tension
caused by attraction between polar water molecules; surfactant reduces surface tension to make it easier to breathe;too much will cause collapse; problem in premature babies and RDS
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Compliance
high-->easy to breathe, low-->hard to breathe b/c damage to elastic tissue; causes: TB; pulmonary edema; surfactant deficiency, emphysema
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Airflow resistance
airflow=change pressure/resistance
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Dalton's law
total pressure = px + py + pz
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Henry's law
each gas dissolves in a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility
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2 muscles used to control lung volume:
disphragm (phernic nerve), external intercostals
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rate of diffusion: pressure difference
increase pressure, increase rate
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rate of diffusion: solubility
increase solubility, increase rate
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rate of diffusion:surface area
increase surface area, increase rate
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rate of diffusion: distance
increase distance, decrease rate
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rate of diffusion: molecular weight
increase mw, decrease rate
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rate of diffusion: temperature
increase temperature, increase rate
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Emphysema
break down of alveoli lungs, decrease sa, decrease rate, reduce compliance
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Pulmonary edema
fluid build up in lungs, increase distance, decrease rate, reduce compliance
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Pneumotaxic area
pons, prevents lungs from overinflating
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Apneustic area
pons, prolong inspiration
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2 types of chemoreceptors:
central chemoreceptors (CNS) medulla H+ CO2, peripheral chemoreceptors (PNS) aortic (X) and carotid (IX) body H+ CO2 O2
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Chloride shift: external
HCO3- in, Cl- out, less Cl-
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Chloride shift: internal
HCO3- out; Cl- in, more Cl-
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Inspiratory area used for ________ breathing
normal
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Expiratory area used for _________ breathing
forecful
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