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Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
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atoms
protons (p+), neutrons (n0), and electrons (e-)
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what make up the nucleus
protons and neutrons
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what surounds the nucleus
electrons
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how is an atom held together?
attraction of positive protons to negative electrons
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elements
Different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms create different
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Isotopes
forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
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orbitals-
Electrons rotate about the nucleus in pathways
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Molecule
the smallest particle of matter that can have independent existence
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Compounds-
are combinations of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.
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Chemical Bonds-
When two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons
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Valence
most outter shell electrons orbit in
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Covalent bonds-
between atoms that share electrons, majority of molecules associated with living things are composed of single and double covalent bonds between C, H, O
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polar molecule
unequal distribution of charge
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Polarity
a significant property of many large molecules, influencing both reactivity and structure.
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nonpolar
electrically neutral molecule
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ionic bond
Electrons transferred completely from one atom to another, without sharing
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ionization
Crystals with ionic bonds, when dissolved in a solvent, can separate in to charged particles
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Cations
positively charged ions
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Anions
negatively charged ions
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electrolytes
ionic molecules that dissolve to form ions
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how does NaCl and H2o bond
CL- to H+ and O- to Na+
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Hydrogen bonding
•Weak bond between a H covalently bonded to one molecule and an O or N atom on the same or different molecule (such as between water molecules)
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Reactants
Molecules entering the reaction
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Products
the substances left by a reaction
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Ph scale
Acidic- H+,0
Basic(alkiline)- OH -, 14
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Neutralization
occur in aqueous solutions containing both acids and bases
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synthesis
reacants bond together to form an entirely new molecule
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decompostion
bond on a single reactant molecule are broken forever
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catalyst
increa the rate of the reaction, lower energy is required to get reactions started
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biological catalysts
enzymes, most emzymes are portiens
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The rule of solubility-
“like dissolves like”
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the most common solvent
water
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Hydrophilic molecules-
attract water to their surface (polar)
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Hydrophobic molecules-
repel water (nonpolar)
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Amphipathic molecules-
have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
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Concentration-
the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
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Acidic solutions-
when a component dissolved in water (acid) releases excess hydrogen ions (H+)
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Basic solutions-
when a component releases excess hydroxide ions (OH-)
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pH scale-
measures the acid and base concentrations of solutions
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Inorganic chemicals-
usually do not contain both C and H
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Organic chemicals-
Carbon compounds with a basic framework of the element carbon bonded to other atoms
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example of a molecular formula
glucose and fructose
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basic unit of a carb
polysaccharide
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