Mirco

The study of living things to small to be seen without magnificatoin

germs or viruses, microsopic organisms

noncelluar, parascitic, protein-coated gentic elements that can infect other living things

prokaryotes

eukaryotyes

found everywhere, large numbers

photosynthesis

bake, cheese, wound healing, beer

humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrail setting

GMOs, create new products and genetically modify organisms

allows microbes to be engireered to synthesize disireable proteins(i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes)

• Øintroducing microbes in to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
• Oil spillsl
• Chemical spillsl
• Water and
• sewage treatment

Ødisease-causing organisms

gastric ulcers, certain cancers, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, coronary artery disease)

•Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells•Prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures such as organelles •All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are

Not independently living - acellular organismsØMuch simpler than cells- basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membraneØIndividuals are called a virus particle or virion ØDepend on the infected cell’s machinery to multiply and disperse

Coined the term cell

aseptic technique

•Pasteurization•The Germ Theory of Disease•Vaccination

verified the germ theory

lMicrobes (germs) cause disease and specific microbes cause specific diseases.

lRobert Koch in the late 1870's.

lanthrax - disease of cattle/sheep

lHe observed that the same microbes were present in all blood samples of infected animals. He isolated and cultivated these microbes (Bacillus anthracis ). He then injected a healthy animal with the cultured bacteria & that animal became infected with anthrax & its blood sample showed the same microbes as the originally infected animals.

lParticular microbes cause particular diseases.

l1. The causative agent must be present in every individual with the disease.l2. The causative agent must be isolated & grown in pure culture (how did he invent pure cultures? with Frau Hesse's help, he developed the agar plate method.)l3. The pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into an experimental animal.l4. The causative agent must be reisolated from the experimental animal & reidentified in pure culture.

naming microorganisms

classifying living things

Taxonomy

genus name followed by the species name

the degree of relatedness between groups of living things

• •All new species originate from preexisting species
• •Closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor