Bio 1214 lab 2 (part 3)

• Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)
• This group includes pines, cedars, firs, etc. These trees produce both male and female cones

1. In a female cone, meiosis produces four megaspores.

2. Three of these cells disintegrate, just as in animals. The fourth megaspore divides (by mitosis) to produce haploid tissue, the female gametophyte.

3. In time, two eggs develop within archegonia inside this gametophyte tissue.

4.The gametophyte tissue containing eggs is surrounded by sporophyte tissue. Together, this gametophyte and sporophyte tissue makes up the ovule.

1. In the male cone, meiosis produces many small pollen grains, also called microspores. These are male ganetophytes.

2. Each pollen grain contains a sperm. Pollen falls out of the male cone in great amounts

3. The male cones then fall off the tree and disintegrate

By the wind

• Pollination occurs
• 1. The pollen grain grows a pollen tube that delivers the sperm to the egg.
• 2. After fertilization, the zygote matures within the ovule, and the ovule becomes a seed.
• 3. In the seed, the female gametophyte tissue around the zygote is rich in food reserves, and nourishes the zygote
• 4. By now, the female cone has grown significantly, and is the pine cone many of us know.

• 1. pollen grain
• 2. microspores

Wind, because they are small/light and prominent wing so that it allows the seeds to be easily carried away by a breeze

Sporophyte

Haploid? Because.. I DONT KNOW.

Meiosis in the ovary produces a functional megaspores, and meiosis in the anthers produces microspores

Anther: The anther is part of the stamen and produces the pollen.

Corolla: The whorl of petals is called the corolla.

Filament: The filament provides support for the anther in the stamen.

Ovary: The ovary houses the ovules and will become the fruit after pollination.

Ovule: The ovules contain egg cells and become the seeds after pollination.

Petal: The petal is designed to attract pollinators to the flower and protect the stamen and pistil. Many have patterns that can be seen in ultraviolet light by bees and other insects. These indicate where the nectar is located.

Sepal: Sepals are found on the outside of the flower in a whorl. They are usually green. The group of sepals is called the calyx.

Stamen: The stamen is the male reproductive organ in the plant. It consists of the anther and filament.

Stigma: The stigma is the sticky surface where pollen lands and is collected to fertilize the ovules.

Style: The style is part of the pistil and holds the stigma above the ovary.

Carpel: the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or more units called carpels. The carpel or multiple fused carpels form a hollow structure called an ovary, which produces ovules internally.

• ovary
• ALSO, meisois occurs inside the anther producing microspores

Meiosis produces four megaspores, three of which disintegrate. The remainign megaspore divides (by mitosis) to produce the female gametophyte

The female gametophyte is a sac, called the embryo sac, contiang a number of nuclei

The other two nuclei in th emiddle of the embryo sac are called polar nuclei.

In angiospoerms, each microspore contains two sperm, (in contrast to one per microspore in gymnopsperm pollen

Pollen grain?

The microspores land on the flower's stigma and pollination occurs

The part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients.

Endosperm is the albumin tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. This makes endosperm an important source of nutrition in human diet as well. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread, while barley endosperm is the main source for beer production. Other examples for edible endosperm are coconut "meat", popcorn and banana.

Double fertilization refers to a process in which two spermcells fertilize cells in the ovary

NOT SURE.

Endosperms

Phloroglucinol

Xylem transports water and minerals, phloem transports water and carbohydrates from photosynthesis

xylem and phloem

The roots

Left = monocot stem section

right: eudicot stem section

The maroon dots are the xylem

• 1. odour
• 2. pattern
• 3. colour
• 4. warmth
• 5. sexual mimericky

1. wind pollination - small/unscented but clustered flowers, expanded stigmas, dry light pollen

2. fly pollination - large, fowl odours, dark/dull colours

3. bird pollination - bright red, odourless, deep throat, clustered together, dusted with pollen

4. bee polllination - yellow/blue, mechanically strong, deep floal tubes, anthers hidden

• Any fleshy structure containing seeds
• --> Ovaries swell up and surround the seed

1. Animal dispersal - ex. wild grape , eating by animals and hard seeds pass through intestinal canals. Ex. Acorn too collected/stored by animals

2. wind dispersal - maple, ash basswood, yellow goatsheard

3. water dispersal - coconut falls onto beach, and is washed away by waves, or water plantain cariried by streams

1. increased dominance of the sporophyte generation

2. plants are thought to have evolved from mutlicaellular green algae that lived in damp conditions

3. Plants hvae become increasingly adapted to life on land. They developed roots, stems, and leaves with a vascular system. Life cycle changed from haploid to diploid dominance.

4. The ferns are seedless vascular plant that reproduce vis spores.