CHAPTER 12

1. Cardiac output is the blood ******** delivered by the ******* to the ******* per minute. It is a ********* determinant of oxygen delivery to the tissues.

1. A fall in cardiac output may results in:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

1. The direct method of estimating the cardiac output consists of measuring the **********stroke volume by the use of an flow probe placed on the **********.

1. Another well known method for measuring cardiac output is the ********* Method.

1. The most popular method group is the one applying the principle of ********* . The method employs several different types of ***********.

1. Two methods are generally employed for introducing the indicator into the bloodstream: it may be injected at a ******** rate, or as a ********* .

1. In the bolus method, a small but known quantity of an indicator such as a ******* or *************** in administered into the circulation, injected into a large *********** or preferably into the *********** heart itself.

1. The presence of an indicator in the peripheral artery is detected by a ************** transducer and is displayed on a chart recorder. This way we get the ************ output curve, which is called the ********** curve.

1. During the first *********** period the indicator would mix up with the blood and will dilute ********* . When passing before the transducer, it would reveal a big and rapid

1. The circulation system being a closed one, (only) a fraction of the injected indicator would once again pass through the ******** and enter (again) the arterial circulation.

1. The most commonly used substance is a *****, and the preferred is *************** (CARDIOGREEN), because it absorbs light in the *******nm region.

1. The concentration of cardiogreen can be measured with the help of an ********** photocell transducer.

1. The procedure consists of injecting the dye into the ******** atrium by means of a ******** catheter.

1. A motor-driven ******* constantly draws blood from the ******** or ********* artery through a cuvette.

1. The (dilution) curve is traced by a recorder attached to the ********** .

1. After the curve is drawn, an injection of ********* is given to flush out the dye from the ********** blood.

1. In the densitometer an interference filter with a peak transmission of ***nm is used to permit only ******** radiation to be transmitted.

1. A flow rate of *** ml/min is preferred.

1. A ********** is used to transport the blood containing ******* from the sampling site, inside the ************* system, to the densitometer located ********* the body.

1. Sampling from the catheter densitometer ******** concentration time curve.

1. To reduce distortion, computer software-based ********** have been devised.

1. A thermal indicator of known volume is introduced into either the ******* or ***** atrium will produce a resultant ********* change, the integral of which is ******** proportional to the cardiac output.

1. A multi-lumen thermistor catheter, known as the ********** triple lumen balloon catheter can be used in thermal dilution.

1. In thermal dilution, the electronic computation is relatively simple because there is no significant ********* of the indicator in humans.

1. The system calibration is based upon the use of an injection of *** ml of 5% dextrose solution at a temperature in the range of ******** degrees C.

1. Blood temperature is measured over a range of ******** degrees C with an accuracy of + 0.2 degrees C.

1. The thermodilution curve can be measured on an *********** machine.

1. Compared to thermistors excited by a current below the effective heating range, ********* are two orders of magnitude less sensitive than thermistors.

1. As blood flow is ********, injection can be done in ******* of the heart cycle.

1. In addition, a dilution curve obtained in the ******** artery will look ******** if injection was done in diastole or systole of the heart.

1. An electrosurgery unit emits radio frequency energy that can ******** or ******* the thermo-dilution temperature curve.

1. Thermo-dilution measurements can be repeatedly ***** frequently than the other methods.

1. Another method (1976) is based on the analysis of the ******** pressure wave, and estimates the ******** ventricular stroke ******* from the pulse contour.

1. All that is required is ******* pressure measurement at any site in the ******* .