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How often should wounds be assessed
once per shift for signs of infection
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When should the patients pretest med arrive on the unit
1 - 2 hours before scheduled test time
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Hematology tests
- study of blood and its components
- CBC
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When infection is severe, bone marrow releases extra
granulocytes
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Common tests for clotting time are...
- prothrombin (PT) - sodium warfarin aka coumadin
- activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) - heparin
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hematocrit
ratio of blood cells to plasma
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For how long are food an drink withheld prior to blood chemistry tests?
8 - 12 hours
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Which tests are used to measure liver function?
- bilirubin
- alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
- alkaline phosphate (ALP)
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Which tests measure kidney function?
- blood urine nitrogen (BUN)
- creatinine
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Which tests measure heart damage?
- lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- creaine kinase (CK)
- aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
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What is a panel?
a group of tests
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What is the purpose of a serology test?
- analysis of blood serum
- used to diagnose diseases related to bacterial and viral infection
- antigen antibodies will determine exposure to certain diseases
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Urinalysis
- information regarding kidney function
- a urine dipstick is often used
-
Name the 3 types of urine specimen
- 1. single, catheterized or random: collected at any time, no special prep
- 2. midstream: external genitalia are cleansed, small amount of urine passed, midportion of stream is collected
- 3. timed
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Histology and cytology
- require biopsies
- involve the study of tissues and cells
- detect changes that are carcinogenic, metabolic, vascular et al
-
Ultrasound
- uses ultrasonic waves to determine pathology of female organs, prostate, heart, kidney, pancreas, gallbladder, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, thyroid, eye and peripheral blood vesels
- often used along with radiography or nuclear medicine scans
- abdominal scans require pt to drink 1 liter of water
-
Common radiologic procedures
- chest x-ray
- barium swallow and upper GI serie
- barium enema and samall bowel series
- kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) x-ray
- gallbladder series adn cholangiogram
- intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
- x-rays of they bony skeleton, arthrogram and myelogram
- CT and CAT scans
-
Radionuclide scans
- various organs and soft tissues attract and concenctrate certain radionuclides
- a scanner (scintillator) is passed over the area
- organs scanned: thyroid, kidneys, brain, liver, lungs, bones, pericardium and blood volme is determined
-
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
computer enhances multiple x-rays of the body and provides horizontal views to determine tissue density and guide instruments
-
CT angiography
contrast medium used to determine pulmonary embolism adn arteriovenous malformation, determine patency of coronary arteries adn detect blood flow patterns to tumors
-
cardiac catheterization
- consent required
- procedure to determine teh function of heart, valves and coronary circulation
- helps diagnose coronary artery disease and valvular dysfunction
- catheter is threaded into an artery or vein and injects a contrast medium
- a fluoroscope is used to observe heart action
- bed rest for 2 - 12 hours afterwards
- NPO for 6 hours prior
-
Electron beam tomography
- used to measure calcification of coronary arteries
- predict risk of coronary occlusion or myocardial infarction
- non-invasive
-
Angiography and arteriography
- contrast medium injected into an artery and x-rays track movement through vessels
- locates lesions, occluded vessels, tumors and malformed blood vessels
- NPO for 6 hours
- consent form required
-
Gastroscopy
- visual inspection of the upper digestive tract and stomach
- biopsy or specimens of gastric contents may be obtained
- NPO 8 hours
-
electroencephalogram (EEG)
diagnoses brain lesions, scars, epilepsy, infections, blood clots and abscesses
-
cytoscopy
- visual inspection of the bladder for collection of biopsy specimens, collection of urine from each ureter respectively
- sometimes used with intravenous pyelogram
-
platelet count range
150 - 400
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