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Microbes =
the tiniest of all viruses
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Microorganisms include = (4)
- bacteria
- fungi
- protozoa
- algea
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What do microorganisms do?
- make nitrogen availbel for living plants
- decompose dead organism, industrial waste, waste from living organimsm
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Microorganism synthesize _______.
antibiotics
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Give 3 reasons microorganisms are useful in research:
- simple unicellulare structure
- large #'s can be used to obtain statiscally reliable results
- reproduce quickly (espicially for genetic research)
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The ability tos ee two items as seperate discrete units is called what?
Resolution
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Describe bacteria:
- single celled
- spherical, rod, or spiral shaped. some form filaments
- NO cell necleus
- NO membrane enclosed intracellulare structures
- absord nutrients from thier enviornment or synthesize thier own
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Who developed the 5 kingdowm system?
Whitaker
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Who developed the new tree of life?
Woese
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Give the domains of the tree of life:
- Archaea - primitive bacteria
- Bacteria - modern bacteria
- Eukarya - include 5 kingdoms
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Who founded he science of taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
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Linnaeus found what system?
taxonomy and the use of the binomial nomeclature (two name system) Genus & Species
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Bacteria are ______ , and _______ are bacteria.
Prokaryotes
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List the order of taxonomy names:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- (Doppy King Phillip Came Over For Good Sex)
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The new tree of life contains 3 _____ and 5 ______.
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List the charecterisics of Prokaryotes :
- NO nucleus / membrane enclosed sructures
- single celled organisms
- all are bacteria
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What is Carl Woese known for?
Domain being erected before the Kingdom
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What is a Mastigophorans?
- Protisit that has a flagela.
- Most live in symbiotic relationships with plants/animals
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What is a Trypanosoma?
Animal like protisit that has a flagella and causes African Sleeping Sickness
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What specis of Trypanosoma cause trypanosomiasis?
T. brucei gambiense / rhodesiense
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What is the common nam fore the condition of African Sleeping Sickness?
Trypanosomiasis
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What does Leishmania cause?
Leishmaniasis or skin leisons / systemic disease with fever
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Who first discovered G. lamblia?
Leeuwenhoek
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What does Giardia cause?
Giardiasis = infects the small intestine / diarreha
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What is Tricomonas?
It is a protozoa that can cause tricomonas
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What is bacterium that causes Trichomoniasis?
T. vaginallis
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Who invented the microscope?
Anon van Leeuwenhoek
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Who gave an awarness of animacules?
von Leeuwenhoek
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What is the study of Algea called?
Phycology
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What kingdoms are included in the study of Phycology?
- K. Protista
- K. Monera
- K. Planta
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What is the study bacteria called & what kingdom doe sit include?
Bacteriology / K. Monera
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What kingdoms are included in the study of Virology?
NONE
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What is the study of parasitic worms called?
Helminthology
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What is Redi known for?
Refuting spontaneus generation by conducting a balanced experiment that Described the fly life cycle
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Who gets credit for early canning techniques?
- Spallazani
- with heat sealed flasks
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What did Needham do?
Re-proved spontaneous generation following Redi
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What three things led to Microbiology as a science ?
- the discovery of microscopes
- theory of spontaneous generation
- concern over disease transmission
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What did the study of Streptococcus pyogenes help discover/ who discovered it?
Semmelweis connected the dots about childbirth fecer and clean hands = he introduced hand washing
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What did Lister give us?
- Rubber gloves
- hand washing, clean surgical instrumnets / environment
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What does the germ theory of disease state?
the germs cause disease
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What do och's postulates show?
the direct correclation between one germ / one disease (cause / effect)
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Who laid the foundation of the Germ Theory of Disease?
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What is brewers yeast?
Saccharomyeces cerevisiae
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Who first described anaerobic metabolism?
Pastuer / wine making
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What is the scientific name for Chicken Colera?
Pasteurell multacida
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What is scanning power ?
it is the power you start in when observing slides on a microscope = 4 X 10 = 40X
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What is the power of the occular lens on a modern compound microscope?
10X
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Who re-proved spontaneous generation? and how?
- Needham
- heated the broth and then covered it = a few days latter the animalcules can back.
- (made sure it had air/ life force)
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Who was the first to describe spontaneous generation?
Aristotle
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What experiment finally dis-proved spontaneous generation and who did it?
- Pasteur
- by using 2 tubes with a solualble filter, sucks air throught them, then dissolves them in water to see what is there
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Who conducted the swan neck flask experiments and why?
Pasteur to dis-prove spontaneous generation
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What is the host called who carries the adult reproductive stage of a parasite?
Definitive Host
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What makes an intermediate host?
a host who harbours larval stage of aparasite
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What is Balantidium coli?
It is the only ciliated protozoan that cause human disease.
Humans get it from pig feces. (pigs are the resevior)
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What causes balantidiasis?
Balantidium coli
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Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Platyhelmininthes
Class = _________
Trematoda
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What parasites belong to the Class Trematoda?
- Flukes
- Ex: Shistosoma japonicum
- Fasicola hepatica
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What is a scolex?
head of a tapeworm
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What are the reproductive segments of a tapeworm called?
proglottids
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What causes Malaria ?
Passed by mosquitoes, the Protista ... Plasmosium vivax
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Who invented the small pox vaccine and from what?
Jennar from cow pox
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Who discovered phagocytes?
Metchnikoff
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What discovered salvarsan? and what was it?
- arsnic based drug for treating syphilis =
- Ehrlich's "magic bullet"
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What is Penicillium notatum and how does it work?
early antibiotic that targets peptidoglycan in bacteria's cell walls.
Fleming discovered it
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Who gave us antibiotics / from what?
Fleming from mold
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Who is the father of cell biology?
- Hooke
- by looking at cork = Cells
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Who improved the microscope by giving us oil immersion?
Abbe
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What is refraction?
the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of different density.
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What does oil immersion do ?
Reduces refraction.
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Who first used oil immersion?
Robert Hooke
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What converges light beams so they pass through the specimen on a microscope?
Condenser
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What controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen on a microscope?
The Iris Diaphragm
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What objective lens is refered to as high "dry"?
(40x) x (100x) = 400x magnification
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What type of light would you use to observe live microorganisms?
Phase Contrast
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This type of microscopy uses visible light with a special condenser that causes light to reflect off the specimen at an angle:
Dark-field
used for unstained living irganisms, allows to see motion
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What appearance does dark-field microscopy give you?
Bright specimen on a dark background
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What would you use a negative stain to see and why?
a Negative stain to see apart of a specimen (ex: capsule). This part of the specimen won't absorb the dye, making it easier to see against the dyed background
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Who is the father of taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
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What Kingdom would you place prokaryotes in?
Monera
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What Kingdom would you place unicellualr eukaryotes in?
Kingdom Protista
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What kingdom does cyanobacteria belong to?
Monera
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Name the 5 Kingdoms
- Monera
- Fungi
- Protista
- Planta
- Animalia
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Arthropods belong to what Kingdom ?
- Animalia
- Insects = ticks, fleas mosquitoes, testes fly, louse (lice)
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What causes Swimmer's itch?
Shistosoma japonicum
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What causes Dracunculiasis / common name?
Guinea Worm or Drancunclus medinensis
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What Kingdom / Phylum / class does Wuchereria bancrofti belong
what is it?
- Kingdom Animalia / Phylum Rounds worms / CLass nematodes
- elaphantiasis causing Roundworm
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What Kingdom Candida albicans be found?
Kingdom Fungi
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What is another name for athlete' foot or jock itch ?
Tinea pedis / Tinea cruris
Trichophyton (multi cellular Kingdom Fungi)
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What kingdom do Dinoflagellates belong in and what are they?
Kingdom Protista
flagellated red algae
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What causes red tide here in Florida?
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