CDO 335

• Partid Gland
• Sublingual Gland
• Submandibular Gland

Ptyalin

Helps break down food

Chewing of food and preparing food for swallowing

• Limed with muccous membranes
• Warms, humidifies, filters, and detoxifies the air

Lightly stroking the lips or cheeks on one side of the neonate or infant

the mouth to open and the head to turn towards the stimulus

• Induced by: Light contact with the inner margin of the lips.
• Cause: Lips seal and protrude; tongue retracts

• Induced By: Irritation (tactile, pain, or thermal stimulus to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue) of the general visceral afferent (GVA) branch of the IX Cranial Nerve (Glossopharyngeal)
• Cause: Uvular Elevation and retraction

• Induced By: Tactile (light or deep touch) stimulation of the faucial arches, posterior tongue, or posterior pharyngeal wall.
• Cause: Velum and pharynx elevate. May be elicited by taste.
• Involves the IX and X Cranial Nerve

• Induced By: Noxious odors, tasts, gastrointestinal discomfort and vestibular dysfunction.
• Cause: Involuntary attempt to vomit

• Induced By: Noxious odors, tasts, gastrointestinal discomfort, and vestibular dysfunction.
• Cause: Vocal folds adduct, abdominal muscles contract violently, the UES and LES relax, the larynx, velu, and pharynx elevate, the epiglottis closes over the aditus laryngis, and the tongue protrudes.

• Induced By: Noxious stimulition of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, or bronchi.
• Cause: The true and false vocal folds adduct and the abdominal muscles contract building up subglottal pressure for forced exhalation.
• Involves the GVA branch of the X Vagus Nerve.
• Designed to protect the airway and lower respiratory tract.
• Food, liquid, or mucous has gotten into the trachea.

• Induced By: Pulling the tongue forward
• Cause: The muscle spindles of the genioglossus muscle

• Induced By: Pushing down on the posterior tongue.
• Cause: Stimulates the muscle spindles of hte palatoglossus muscle and results in elevation of the posterior tongue.

• Induced By: A painful area (lesion) inside the mouth, or as a response to very hot or spicy foods.
• Cause: Expectorate (spit) or swallow

Is reflexive, but can become voluntary. Mediated by the IX Cranial Nerve, which helps regulate the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

B/c it blasts the vocal folds open and can be abusive

• Includes: Vocal Nodules, Polyps, and Contract Ulcers.
• Misuse and Abuse

They lose their high notes and their voice may change with vocal nodules.

Women and children

adult males

Sessile Polyps

Pedunculated Polyps

Sessile Polyps and Pedunculated Polyps

Nodules are usually bilateral

Polyps are usually unilateral

Polyps. Surgery might be necessary.

Extroverts

Bridge of sucretion between one vocal fold and another

Subglottal pressure tends to push polyps up and above the vocal folds, then drops below or between the vocal folds during inhalation.

Entrance to the Eustation Tube

• Opens/closes the Eustachian tube.
• Is "U-Shaped" and encircles the Eustachian Tube.

• "Cushion of the tube"
• The Area surrounding the Ostium or Eustachian tube.

Pharyngeal tonsils

Become larger as we get older, then begin to shrink again as we reach puberty.

Soft palate meeting the posterior laryngeal wall. Creates a closure and prevents food/drink from entering the nasal cavity.

The normal tonsils

Located between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Hidden Foraman

Hole or pocket. Important landmark with patients with dysphagia. Formed by the back of the tongue and the epiglottis.

Nasopharynx, Oralpharynx, and the laryngealpharynx

Gets wider posterialy. Like a sigment ring. Forms a complete circle. Sits above the trachea.

• Largest cartilage.
• Forms protection to the true and false vocal folds

Ventricular folds

In a child, the oral cavity is smaller, the larynx is elevated, which makes it higher in the neck. It lowers in the first 4 years of life. This allows the velum to lock into the valleculie during swallowing.

The variable space between the true vocal folds

Has two bellies. The anterior and Posterior belly. Only the anterior belly depresses the mandible.

Elevates the thyroid Cartilage and Depresses the hyoid bone

Helps with velopharyngeal closure. Posterior wall comes forward and meets with the velum.

Membranous.Contributes to phonation. Vocal Part. Anterior 2/3rds.

Cartilagenous. Contributes to breathing. Breathing part. Posterior 1/3rds

Found mainly in or around the oral cavity and help newborn babies thrive and survive.

Gradually, through normal development, a child will gain voluntary control over reflexes. Cerebralpalsy children have a hard time gaining control over their reflexes.

Adams Apple.

Protection from aspiration. Phonation. Articulation. Swallowing. Coughing. Lifting. Pulling. Pushing. Bearing down. Child birth. Vomiting. Retching. Clearing the throat. Respiration. Yawning. Laughing. Resonating. Whispering. Hiccuping. Sneezing. Gaging.

The Epiglottis closes over the aditus laryngeous and the true and false vocal folds tightly close.

Abdominal Fixation

Cover the Corniculate and Cuneiform Cartilages.

• Oblique arytenoid muscles
• Transverse arytenoid muscles (2X)

Pars Recta and Pars Oblique

Regulates pitch by creating longitudinal tension. The vocal folds become longer, and this elevates the pitch.

• Concae
• (Lateral concae thyroid vacet)

Antagonist to the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle. Adductor of anterior 2/3rds of the vocal folds, (the pars vocalis, membranous part.)

• Thyrovocalis(vocalis m.)
• Thyromuscularis muscle

• Comprise the true vocal folds
• Medial to the Muscularis Muscle

• Laryngeal Membrane.
• Courses up and contributes to the vocal ligament.
• Superior margin becomes the vocal ligament.

• Epithelium
• Superficial Layer of Lamina Propria
• Intermediate Layer of Lamina Propria
• Deep Layer of Lamina Propria
• Thyroarytenoid M.

• Epithelium
• Superficial Layer of Lamina Propria

• Intermediate Layer of Lamina Propria
• Deep Layer of Lamina Propria

Thyroarytenoid M. - Thyrovocalis.

Wavelike behavior of the true vocal folds during phonation.

Reinke's Space

• Tissue reaction to smoking.
• Buildup of fluid in mucous membrane
• Swelling of the vocal folds
• Gives a "smokers voice" - becomes lower in pitch.

Can be seen through the mucous membrane and gives the vocal folds a 'white' appearance.

• Anterior, Medial, and Inferior.
• Posterior, Lateral, and Superior.