Topic 11 - Human Health and Physiology

Attaches muscle to bone

Attaches bone to bone (restricts movement at joints and helps to prevent dislocation)

Provide the force needed for muscle contraction. Enable you to move your skeleton. They can only contract or relax.

Reduces friction between bones where they meet.

Lubricates the joint to reduce friction.

It seals the joint and holds in the synovial fluid.

Bending of a joint (think of a knee)

Straigtening a joint (think of a knee)

A hinge joint.

• Allows movement in 3 planes
• protraction/retraction
• abduction/adduction
• rotation

Muscle fibre cells.

Clotting factors are released from platelets and damaged cells resulting in the formation of thrombin. Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into the fibrous protein fibrin, which captures blood cells.

The immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body’s defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens.

• It is immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including
• via theplacenta
• colostrum (in breast milk)
• injection of antibodies.

• 1 = oesophagus
• 2 = pancreas
• 3 = small intestine (duodenum and then ileum)
• 4 = gall bladder
• 5 = stomach
• 6 = rectum
• 7 = anus
• 8 = salivary glands
• 9 = bile duct
• 10 = large intestine (colon)
• 11 = appendix
• 12 = liver

Veins normally carry deoxygenated blood, but in this case, it brings oxygenated blood to the heart.

Vagus nerve

Accelerans nerve

• 1 = superior vena cava (vein carrying deoxy blood)
• 2 = right atrium
• 3 = atrio-ventricular valve OR tricuspid valve
• 4 = right ventricle (note: thin wall as only pumping to lungs)
• 5 = aorta (massive artery taking blood all round body)
• 6 = pulmonary artery (taking blood to lungs)
• 7 = left atrium
• 8 = atrio-ventricular valve OR bicuspid valve
• 9 = left ventricle
• 10 = VERY thick wall as pumping round body

acrosome reaction -> penetration of the egg membrane -> cortical reaction

In the fallopian tube

Holds bone to bone together

• Holds muscle to bone
• Muscles are TENDER when you work them out. Sounds a bit like TENDON.

The mitotic division of B cells that are activated in response to an infection

Descending loop = permeable to water NOT to sodium Ascending loop = permeable to sodium NOT to water

Contracts to cause inhalation

water balance, temperature regulation, blood glucose regulation, blood pH

Transport of fats

Coronary artery