CJUS Key Terms

the system of law enforcement ajudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with a crime

the decision making points, from the inti. investigation or arrest to the eventual release and reentry into society OR the various sequential criminal justice stages through which the offender passes

oldest and most respected citizens crime commission in US

American Bar Foundation--to provide in depth analysis of of criminal justice agencies

Law Enforcement Assistance Admin--founded by Safe Streets Act, provided technical assistance and funding to local and state justice agencies

the condition that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed

when a prosecutor decided to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made

responsible for invetigating alleged crimes examining evidence, and issuing endictments

a written statement charging a defendant with a crime

used to indicate that all parties in the adversary process work together cooperatively to settle cases with the least amount of conflict and effort

a CJ model that emphasizes the control of dangerous offendres and the protection of society

the view that the primary purpose of cjus is helping to care for people that cannot manage themselves (crime is an expression of anger created by social inequality in this case)

a safeguard against unfair state procedures in jud. proceedings, protecting the defendants basic rights and privacy

emphasizes least intrusive treatment possible (decarceration, diversion, "less is better")

reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it

removal of all criminal penalties from a previously outlawed act

crimes harmful to social fabric (prostitution, drugs, gambling)

removing as many offenders as possbile from secure confinement to treat them in the community

a program that provides nonpunitive community based alternatives to jail or prison

the view that programs designed to divert offenders from the justice system actually enmesh them further in the process by substituting intrusive treatment programs for less intrusive punishment oriented outcomes

view that all people should be treated equally before the law

requires that offenders serve at least 85% of original sentence

a view that advocates peaceful solutions and mediation rather than coercive punishments

crimes that are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and are prohibited by existing criminal law

crime is the outcome of class struggle between the rich and poor

criminal law is structured to reflect preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in particular legal jurisdictions

Uniform Crime Report--FBI compiled annual data report of type 1 and 2 crimes (serious offenses)

a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted by a criminal legal code

NCVS-ongoing victimization study by Justice Department and US census bureau that surveys crime victims

designed to measure past and current criminal activities that relies on confidentialy and anonymity

a delinquent offender who is arrested five or more times before 18 and is likely to be an adult criminal

the idea that people will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the pros and cons and that crime commission is a rational choice

people embrace rational scientific explanations for observed phenomena

a function of the interaction of biochemical, neurological, and genetic factors with environmental stimuli

criminals are driven by unconcious thought patterns developed in early childhood

a condition marked by mood swings

the idea that people who had close, caring bonds with a caregiver while growing up are more likely to develop healthy relationships in adulthood

behavioral patterns are modeled and learned in interactions with others

chronically antisocial, chronicall in trouble individuals who do not learn from either experience or punishment

a person's position in the social structure controls his or her behavior

the ability of neighborhood residents to act cooperatively to maintain social control within communities

using one's wits to avoid violent confrontations

a substratum of society that maintains a unique set of values and beliefs

the passing of cultural values from one generation to the next

an individual's behavior is shaped by interactions with key social institutions

the ability of parents to provide support and discipline in a noncoercive manner

human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and those who maintain social power use it to further their own interests

social interactions that are developed over the life course shape behavior

a body of specific rules that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct

the rules and laws that define the operation of the criminal proceedings

all law that is not criminal, including the law of torts, and contract, property, maritime, and commercial law

a personal injurt or wrong for which an action for damages may be brought

"law as retaliation"--the belief that the purpose of the law is to provide retaliation for an offended party, and that the punishment should fit the crime

to stand by decided cases. the legal principle by which the decision of a previous case becomes the standard for subsequent similar cases

early English law

refers to acts that society considers inherently evil

crimes created by legislative bodies that reflect prevailing moral beliefs in practices

a serious offense that carries the penalty of incarceration in a state prison for a year or more usually

a minor crime usually punished by less than one year's imprisonment in a local institution

an illegal act

guilty mind, the mental element of a crime or the intent to commit one

illegal act whose elements do not contain the need for intent. usually an act that endangers the public welfare, like dumping

a criminal dfense that maintains the police originated the criminal idea or initiated the criminal action

helping people take their own lives

a criminal defense that relies on showing that neurological activity or lack of it caused a person to commit a crime

the first ten ammendments to the constitution

evidence seized in violation of the fourth ammendment cannot be used in a court of law

a group of ten families in medieval England who collectively dealt with minor disturbances

a call for assistance in medieval England

in medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses

an appointed official who administered and supervised the legal affairs of a small community

the senior law enforcement figure in a county in med. England

the chief law enforcement officer in a county

in med England, a group of men organized in churches to guard against breaches of the peace

created in med england to help the shire reeve in controlling the county

groups of citizens who tracked down wanted criminals in teh old west

fed agency whose jurisdiction includes protecting federal offcials, transporting criminal defendants, and tracking down fugitives

Department of Homeland Security--fed agency repsonsible for preventing terrorist attacks and reducing vulterability

Customs and Border Protection--fed agency responsible for the control and protection of America's borders and ports of entry, first priority is keeping terrorists out

federal agency responsible for executive protection and for investigation of counterfeiting and various forms of fin. fraud

wearable components that supply computer-generated virtual information

Automated Biometric Identification System--facial recognition system to sift through millions of images to find duplicates before issuing an id or clearing a passport