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What is the body’s second greatest body system?
Endocrine system
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What does endo- crine mean?
endo = within, crene=to
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What does the endocrine system release?
hormones
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Which is faster, nervous or endocrine system?
nervous system
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Which system has ducts?
exocrine system
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Which system is ductless?
endocrine
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What types of substance does the exocrine system secrete?
sweat oil and saliva
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What system secretes hormones?
endocrine
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What two functions does the hypothalamus have?
neural and hormonal release
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Which two organs are both endocrine and exocrine?
pancreas and gonads
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What system influences metabolic activity by hormones?
endocrine
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What are chemical messengers released in the blood?
hormones
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What is hormonal reception like?
lag, but prolonged reception
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What does the exocrine system secrete?
hormones
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What are the endocrine glands?
pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
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What are the endocrine organs?
hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads, thymus
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What do hormones do?
regulate metabolic activity of other cells
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What five things does target cell activity include?
plasma permeability, protein synthesis, enzyme systems, secretory activities,mitosis
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Where does protein synthesis occur?
in ribosomes
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What are three types of hormones?
amino acid based, steroids, and eicosanoids
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What type of hormones are most hormones?
amino acid based
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What are steroids?
lipids
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What hormones belong to the steroid type?
gonad and adrenocortico
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What do hormones alter?
metabolic activity
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What type of activity do hormones stimulate?
secretory
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Why are amino acid based hormones more challenging to communicate with the cell?
proteins and peptides can’t penetrate plasma membrane
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What carries the signal from the cell membrane into the cell with amino acidbased hormones?
a second messenger
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What is an example of a second messenger?
cAMP
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What happens after an amino acid based hormone reaches the cell membrane?
a receptor is activated
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What happens after receptor in the cell membrane is activated by amino acid based hormone?
protein slides along membrane to enzyme
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What happens after an enzyme is activated by protein receptor (previously activatedamino acid based hormone)?
conversion of message from ATP to cAMP
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What does cAMP do?
activates protein kinases, triggers response in cell
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Is a second messenger needed for steroid hormones?
no
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How does a steroid hormone activate a cell?
diffuses in cell, attaches to a receptor, travels to DNA in nucleus, attachesto DNA, transcription to mRNA, translation in ribsome to make protein
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What does target cell specifity prevent?
hormones activating cells that don’t need to be activated
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What feedback system are most hormones?
negative feedback
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What is one hormone that uses positive feedback?
oxytocin
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What do humeral stimuli apply to?
changes in blood levels
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What does the nerve do in neural stimuli?
stimulates hormonal release
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What happens in hormonal stimuli?
hormone reacted to hormone
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What is an example of hormonal stimuli?
tropic hormones
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How does the hypothalamus communicated with the anterior pituitary?
hypophyseal portal system
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What happens in neural stimuli?
- nerve stimulates hormonal release
- nerve sends impulse to gland
- gland secretes hormone
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What hormones are humeral stimulated?
parathyroid hormone
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What hormones are neural stimulated?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
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What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary made of?
glandular tissue
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What is the target of the growth hormone (GH)?
bones and muscles
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What hormone promotes growth and increases metabolism?
growth hormone
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What happens in children if there is hypersecretion of GH?
gigantism
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What is hypersecretion of GH in adults?
acromegaly
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What is hyposecretion of GH?
dwarfism
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What is the target of TSH?
thyroid gland
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What hormone stimulates hormonal development of the thyroid?
tsh
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What does ACTH target?
the adrenal cortex
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What hormone stimulates the release of corticosteroids?
ACTH
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What does FSH target?
Ovaries and testes
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What hormone stimulates the production of gametes?
FSH
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What are gametes?
sex cells, sperm and eggs
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What does LH target?
ovaries and testes
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What hormone stimulates the production of sex hormones?
LH
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What is the difference between FSH and LH?
FSH promotes stimulation of sex cells being released, LH stimulates stimulation of sex hormones being released
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What does PRL target?
breast tissue and uterine lining
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What hormone stimulates milk production?
PRL
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What is the difference between Oxytocin and Prolactin?
PRL stimulates production of milk, Oxytocin stimulates release of milk
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What targets the uterus and breast tissue?
Oxytocin and PRL
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What hormone targets kidneys to reabsorb water?
ADH
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What disease occurs when there is hyposecretion of ADH?
diabetes insipidus
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