Prokaryotes

• -most primitive organism on earth
• - unicellular
• - smallest living organisms (bacteria ) - one tenth the size of eukaryotic cells
• - lack membrane bound organelles

- has ribosomes, DNA, cell wall

Ribosomes: chemical composition different, very specific, nucleotides and amino acids different

DNA: haave a single strand of DNA, double helix- 2 ends connected, only 1 DNA molecule on one bacterium

offers protection from viruses and maintains cell shape

Cell wall of bacteria: composed of peptidoglycan(small proteins, made of amino acids)

cell wall of plants: has cellulose ( straight strands of sugar, usually parallel )

1. penicillin: turns off enzyme that makes peptidoglycan- can't grow, divide, cant make cell wall, cell wall becomes too thin and structure breaks POPS!

2. streptomycian: targets ribosomes(suppose to make proteins), shuts off ribosomes so can't make proteins and shuts off

• -slimy polysaccharide or protein coat
• -allows bacterium to attach on to places, can absorb nutrients from cells

• -numerous, protein containing hair-like projections; allows bacteria to attach to surfaces for nutrients
• ex. intestinal tract

stiff, cockscrew shaped protein; attachments that rotate to propel them forwards

consist of a copy of the genetic info surrounded by a thick, protective wall, takes DNA and makes copy, builds coat around it

ex. Bacillus Antracis endospore, used as tactic, most dangerous, inhale and lands in trachea, bacteria produces toxin (millions) and kills you

- grows in size and splits- very rapid

• 1. replication of DNA
• 2. separation of DNA
• 3. inward movement of plasma membrane (membrane pinches off)
• 4. new cell wall forms (genetically identical)

Pro: no microtubules

Eu: has microtubules

the transfer of a copy of small, circular DMA molecule (plasmid) through a tube like connection (pilus) from one bacterium to another

1.donor cell attaches to a recipient cell with its pilus, pilus draws cells together

2. cells contact one another

3. one strand of plasmid DNA transfer to the recipient

4. recipient sythesizes a complementary strand to become an F+ cell; donor sythesizes a complementary strand, restoring its complete plasmid

• -one way transfer
• -release chemicals in environment (communication)
• - when transferred, can code for genetic variation
• -helps with resistance to antibiotics

• Cocci (coccus)-round
• Bacilli (bacillus)- rod-shaped
• Spirochetes- have flexible cell walls with internal flagella
• Spirilla: have rigid cell walls with external flagella
• Vibrios: comma shaped

Diplo- exist in paris

Strepto- exist in chains

Staphylo- exist in clusters or groups

Stains pink because of the think cell wall, 2 plasma membranes, (internal and external)

staions purple because it has thicker peptodogylcan layer

b/c it has 3 layers of protection

• 1. heterotropic
• 2. phtoautotropic
• 3. chemoautotropic

breakdown organic material of "other" organisms

ex. clostridium botulism, used in botox, produces endosopres

make "own" organic matter using sunlight and in the process, release oxygen; helped with land/diversity of earth

ex. cyanobacteria (blue/green)

oxidize inorganic compunds to obtain their energy (only in prokaryotes)

ex. sulfolobales, found near volcanos, in sulfate high environments

aerobes- survive only in oxygen

anaerobes- can only survive in absence of oxygen

Facultative anaerobes- can survive in presence or absence of oxygen

decomposers of dead organic materials

An organism that lives in or on another organism(its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the hosts expense

lyme disease, necrotizing fascitis and tetanus

caused by spirochete bacterium carried by ticks

symptoms: red rash, red circles

-flesh eating disease, caused by streptococcal bacterium, spread in soils, toxin dissolves tissues and muscles

- caused by obligate anaerobic bacillus bacterium and thrives in deep wounds

symptoms: spazams, lock jaw, permanant muscle contractions

nitrogen fixation and bioluminescent

carried out by backteria in root nodules - convert N₂ (nitrogen) in atmosphere to NH₃ (ammonia)

in the digestive tract of herbivores

* plants produce enzyme called cellulase that break down cellulose into glucose

take waste in colon and make it useful, vitamin K for blood clotting and vitamin B12 - important for RBC's to be mature, produces more surface area so can squeeze through capillaries

• live within organs in deep sea marine life, production and emission of light by a living organism,
• - purpose is to attract mates and distract enemies

ex. anglerfish

when they use micro-organisms to clean up pollutants in environment (natural way)

ex. oil spills

decompose soil, encouraging them to grow, decomposing organic material

for protection, to get rid of competition

to lactic acid to produe the sour flavor of yogurt and pickles, and the flavours of any cheeses

humans can now modify bacteria to prduce vitamins, antibiotics, hormones and other products

• 1.desired gene(codes for protein) is inserted into a plasmid
• 2. plasmid(circular strand of DNA) is inserted into a bacterium
• 3. bacterium divides and makes muliple copies of the gene
• 4. gene can be inserted into plants to make them resistant to spoilage and disease
• - can also be used to alter bacteria for cleaning toxic wastes
• - or can be expressed to produce a protein for the treatment of disease ex. dwafism: give growth hormones