-
-
Cuts within the GATC site
a) What type of activity and
b) works along side who?
- Mut H
- a) Endonuclease activity
- b) Mut L
-
Binds to the mismatch
Mut H
-
Methyl directed mismatch repair is done via the presence of what site?
GATC site
-
Promoter is found on this strand
Coding strand
-
Recognizes -35 and -10 promoter
Sigma subunit
-
DNA is opened how much and forms what?
18 bp, and forms transcription bubble
-
Section on RNA polymerase which carries out polymerization
Core enzyme
-
Two types of termination of transcription
a) A DNA-RNA helicase which requires ATP
b) Inverted repeats in DNA which form secondary sequences
- Rho dependent termination and Rho independent determination
- a) Rho Protein
- b)Stem Loops
-
Three eukaryotic RNA polymerases
a) Main transcribing enzyme
b) Transcribes 5sRNA and tRNA
c) Transcribes DNA in nucleolar organelle and rRNA
- I, II, III
- a) II
- b) III
- c) I
-
Location of mRNA synthesis
Nucleus
-
Location of translation
Cytosol
-
Promoter for eukaryotes (2 Names)
a) located hor far upstream or downstream?
- TATA Box or Hogness Box
- a) -25 bp upstream
-
Initiation requires what?
a) Binds to TATA box (has a transcription binding protein)
b) Bind to give initiation complex
c) Has helicase activity
- Transcription factors
- a) TFIID
- b) RNA pol & other transcription factors
- c) TFIIH
-
Encodes more than one gene
Polycistronic
-
Omtervening sequences that are not part of the gene
Introns
-
Initial RNA transcript
Pre-mRNA
-
3 Processing steps of initial RNA transcript
- 5’ cap of 7-methyl guanine,
- 3’ poly-A tail via polyadenylation,
- and removal of introns & splicing of exons
-
Process which adds a chai of anenine to stabilize RNA
Polyandenylation
-
Process of joining exons
Splicing
-
Large RNA-Protein complex
a) RNA portion
b) Protein portion
- Spliceosome
- a) snRNA
- b) snRNP
-
Cause insertions
Transposons
-
Three different codons for the same amino acid
Wobble
-
Opposite of the codon sequence
Anticodon
-
Creates charged tRNA
Amino acyl tRNA synthetase
-
70S ribosome of bacteria contains what two subunits
a)50S contains what two rRNAs
b)30S contains what rRNA
- 30S and 50S
- a) 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA
- b) 16S rRNA
-
Unit of centrifugation
Svedburg
-
Direction of protein synthesis
N to C
-
Start codon
a)Codes for ___in prokaryotes
b)Codes for__in eukaryotes
- AUG
- b) Formyl Methionine
- c) Methionine
-
Area to which 30S binds to begin translation in prokaryotes
a) recognized by what in the 30S
- Shine Delgarno sequence
- a) 16S rRNA
-
Area for eukaryotes to being translation
5' cap
-
EPA sites are found in which subunit
50S subunit
-
Initiation requires these
a) Bring 30S to Shine delgarno sequence
b) Bring tRNA charged with formyl methionine (requires GTP)
c) 50S binds with AUG in what site?
- Initiation factors
- a) IF1 and IF3
- b) IF2
- c) P site
-
Forms peptide bonds
a) Location
- Peptidyle transferase
- a) 50S subunit
-
Ribosome with enzymatic activity
Peptidyl transferase
-
Brings charged tRNA
EF-tu
-
Translocates ribosome
EF-G
-
Polypeptide=330 amino acids why?
Due to 1000 bo of a gene in prokaryotes
-
Stop Codons
UAG, UGA, UAA
-
Pulls out polypeptide to allow ribosome to dissociate
Release factor
-
Chemical or factor which causes mutation
Mutagen
-
Mutation without a mutagen
Spontaneous
-
When mutagen induces a specific mutation
Induced
-
Mutation dependant on environment
a) Mutation expressed
b) Wild-type expressed
- Conditional Mutant
- a) Restrictive
- b)Permissive
-
Purine to Purine or Pyrimidine to Pyrimidine
Transition
-
Purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine
Transversion
-
Area which has cytosine
Hotspot
-
Deamination of cytosine produces this
Uracil
-
Takes out uracil
Uracil glycosylase
-
Mutation which results in one different amino acid
Missense
-
Mutation which resuslts in same amino acid, but different sequence
Silence
-
Mutation which results in a stop codon
Nonsense
-
Mutations which causes codons to shift
a) Detrimental & not leaky because it produces a nonfunctional polypeptide
Framshift muation
-
Fit between bases and cause frameshift mutations
a) Example of one
- Intercalating agents
- a) Acradine Orange
-
Causes cyclobutane ring between ____-____ (known as ____)
Ultraviolet radiation, Thymine-Thymine, known as Thymine Dimers
-
Binds to cyclobutane ring and breaks
a) Occurs at what wavelengths?
-
Sugar is a carbon source which is catabolic and ...
the cell does not synthesise these
-
Gal- means
the cell needs galactose for growth
-
F+ During conjugation is the
The F factor
-
Hfr would...
be the host itself or would carry the gene during conjugation, donates genes from bacteria chromosomes, has F factor inserted in bacteria chromosome, may become F+ cell, and rarely transfers the F factor to other cells
-
Proofreading is due to
3' to 5' exonucleases
-
What stops transformation
Adding DNase
-
What is the main replicating enzyme
Polymerase III
-
3' to 5' template gives
Continuous replication
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