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Biology 172 Lecture 4
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The _____ of the protein is critical for its function
Shape
.
Because of its specific shape (
conformation
) the groove region recognizes and binds target molecules on the bacterial walls
Lysozyme
an enzyme in saliva that attacks bacteria
Why does a protein always assume a particular conformation (native state) and not others?
Structure both determines and limits function
Proteins fold into a conformation of ____ ______
lowest energy
What factors effect cell environment?
Temperature
Salts (Ions)
pH
A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes ______ ________
sickle-cell disease
Defects in protein folding can have profound consequences
Denaturation is bad. Sometimes can't renature protein
_________ help protein folding
in the cell .
Chaperones
Chaperone Protein
has quaternary structure cap protein must be part of chaperone complex to be fully active structure
Prions cause fatal diseases when misfolded: mad cow ....
Energy
the capacity to do work
Potential energy
energy 'stored' in an object
Kinetic energy
energy of motion, includes motion at the molecular scale (heat)
Types of work
mechanical
chemical
kinetic (heat) energy
Energy is described by ...
Law of Thermodynamic Motion
Change in free energy determines _________ ___________
reaction characteristics.
Energy-releasing reactions are ________
Energy-releasing reactions are ________
exergonic
exothermic
Energy-consuming reactions are ________
Energy-consuming reactions are ________
endergonic
endothermic
ΔG
change in free energy. ΔG < 0 in a spontaneous reaction; free energy decreases (because some has been used up)
ΔH
Difference in potential energy between the products and the reactions
(-) when heat is released
(+) when heat is absorbed
ΔS
change in entropy = measure of disorder; increases in universe as a whole
(-) decreases in disorder
(+) increase in disorder
Exergonic
reactants have more energy than products; spontaneous; energy is released; ΔG < 0
Endergonic
reactants have less energy than products; non-spontaneous; energy is required (consumed); ΔG > 0
Coupled reactions
Overall ΔG is negative; together, reactions are spontaneous
Activation Energy
energy required for reactants to reach the transition state (unstable intermediate) ..... can be overcome by heat or a catalyst
How do the catalysts work?
Catalysts work by binding to reactants (weak bonds) and lowering the Ea = energy needed to break / form covalent bonds
Author
clintave
ID
130590
Card Set
Biology 172 Lecture 4
Description
Biology 172 Lecture 4 Exam Review
Updated
2012-01-26T04:59:10Z
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