Bio Lecture

• Formed by Covalent bonds
• Part of living organisms
• Contain C, Which
• -forms the skeleton of the organic molecule
• -Almost always covalently bonds with H,N,O,P and S
• -Functional groups determine the reactivity of the molecule

• have the same chemical formula, but different structures
• differences in arrangement of atoms affects how they react

• Carbohydrates (CHO)
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

• Monomers (single units) link to form polymers through dehydration reactions (loss of H₂O)
• Polymers are degraded in hydrolysis reactions (addition of H₂O)

• Lipids
• -fats
• -Glycerol and fatty acids
• Carbohydrates
• -Polysaccharide
• -Monosaccharide
• Proteins
• -Polypeptide
• -Amino acids
• Nucleic Acids
• -DNA,RNA
• -Nucleotide

• Monosaccharides
• single sugar molecule
• carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons
• Ex. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose
• Disaccharides
• 2 sugars joined by a dehydration rxn.
• Ex. formation of maltose from 2 glucose

• Polysaccharides
• -short term energy storage
• -plants store glucose as starch
• -animals store glucose as glycogen
• Structural molecules
• -glucose polymers form cellulose in plant cell walls
• -glucose polymers form chains exoskeletons

• Triglycerides
• -long term energy storage
• Phospolipids
• -membranes
• Steroids
• -Hormones
• Waxes
• -protective coating that prevents water loss

• Contain a polar phosphate group on a hydrophilic head
• Hydrocarbon chains form a hydrophobic tail
• Form a lipid bilayer membrane in cells

• Different structure compared to other fats; 4 fused carbon rings
• Functional groups determine function of the steroid

• Solid a normal T (high melting point)
• Hydrophobic; waterproof
• Ex. wax coating produced by fruits, honeycomb,waxes on skin,ear wax

• Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds form a protein peptide
• Amino acids have an amino (NH₂) group and a carboxyl (COOH) group

• Primary
• -Amino Acid sequence
• Secondary
• -a-helices and B-sheets form from hydrogen bonds between amino acids
• Tertiary
• different R groups covanlently bond; protein assumes globular shapes
• Quaternary
• -interaction between 2 or more polypeptides to form on functional protein

This level of structure is determined by the sequences of amino acids that join to form a polypeptide

• Structural Support
• -Ex. keratin and collagen
• Enzymes
• -catalyst for biological reactions
• Transport
• -Ex. hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
• Immunity
• -Antibodies
• Hormones
• Motion
• actin and myosin

• DNA
• -Deoxyribonucleic acid
• -Genetic code:A,T,C, and G
• -Double stranded, helical
• RNA
• -Ribonucleic acid
• -Contains code for protein seqence
• -A,U,C,and G
• -Single stranded, linear
• ATP
• -Supplies energy for cellular processes