Genetics 4

How traits are passed from one organism to offspring.

Chemical structure of genes and factors of expression

Genetic composition of groups of organisms.

Unicellular, no organelles, circular chromosomes

Uni or multicellular, linear chromosomes, DNA wrapped around histones

One set of chromosomes

Prokaryotes with histones

Non-sex chromosomes

Body cells

Pairs of chromosomes

Alternate form of a gene

Location ofa gene

Contstriction in chromosome where kintechore proteins attach
(1) in middle
(2) off center
(3) towards one end
(4) At end

All genetic material

All proteins encoded in a genome

two stages of the cell cycle

Times os each stage in teh cell cycle

Linker histone which helps further folding

DNA is normally at 300nm which is?

At 700 nm DNA is referred to as?

Protein responsible for DNA compaction

Responsible for metaphase chromosome

Holds sister chromatids together

Microtubule organizing center which has centrioles inside

Protein which spindle fibers attatch to?

Microtubules around the poles

Microtubules which attach to kinetochores

Microtubules from one end to another

Breaks down cohesin

Binds to separase until ready for use

Stage at which nuclear membrane reforms and DNA decondenses?

Thin thread stage of prohase

Stage at which crossing over occurs

Stage at which tetrads are visible (chiasmata visible)

Stage at which homolgous chromosomes pair

Paired homologs

Causes homolog pairing

Stage before metaphase at which microtubules attach to kinetechores

Orient the kinetochores for the two sister chomatids toward one pole

Separation of homologous chromosomes

Tell which stage each undergoes:
1. Spermatogonia and Oogonia
2. Primary spermatocytes and oocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes and oocytes
4. Spermatids and ovum

How many months until ovaries are fully formed?

What stage are oocytes in t birth?

At puberty what stage are oocytes in?

Enzymes which transfer p from ATP to substrate

Transcriptional regulator which promotes S Phase

Block transcriptional regulator

Activates genes needed for the Sphase

Concentration of this is constant in the cell

Mitosis promoting factor

Activates the inactive MPF

Removes a Phosphate

Mechanism that halts progression until a critical process is complete or damage is repaired

Senses DNA damage

Slows processivity of DNA polymerase, blocks cyclin B, blocks CDC25C phosphatase, increases Bax

Blocks G1 cyclin-CDKs and action of DNA polymerase

Proteases which mediate apoptosis

Activates caspases

Inhibits caspases

Lcation of Bax

Involves a G-protein and changes to active form with GTP

Promotes regulated mitosis and inhibit apoptosis

Dominant mutation that creates a new function for gene product or cause the wild-type product to be produced where or when it should not be

Mutated proto-oncogenes

Negatively regulates cell cycle and promotes apoptosis

End of the chromosome
a) Shorten by how much following cell division?
b) After how many divisions does senescence occur?

Keeps telomeres long
a) Found in what cell type?

The garden pea is referred to as?

The male part of a plant

The female part of a plant

Forms a seed

Forms a fruit