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How traits are passed from one organism to offspring.
Transmission Genetics
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Chemical structure of genes and factors of expression
Molecular Genetics
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Genetic composition of groups of organisms.
Population Genetics
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Unicellular, no organelles, circular chromosomes
Prokaryotes
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Uni or multicellular, linear chromosomes, DNA wrapped around histones
Eukaryotes
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One set of chromosomes
Haploid
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Prokaryotes with histones
Archaea
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Non-sex chromosomes
Autosomes
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Pairs of chromosomes
Homologs
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Alternate form of a gene
Allele
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Contstriction in chromosome where kintechore proteins attach
(1) in middle
(2) off center
(3) towards one end
(4) At end
- 1. Metacentric
- 2. Submetacentric
- 3. Acrocentric
- 4. Telocentric
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All genetic material
Genome
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All proteins encoded in a genome
Proteom
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two stages of the cell cycle
Interphase and Mitosis
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Times os each stage in teh cell cycle
G1= 10 hrs, S phase = 9 hrs, G2=4 hrs, Mitosis = 1Hr
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Linker histone which helps further folding
H1
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DNA is normally at 300nm which is?
Radial loop domains or euchromatin
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At 700 nm DNA is referred to as?
Heterochromatin
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Protein responsible for DNA compaction
Condensin
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Responsible for metaphase chromosome
Condensin
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Holds sister chromatids together
Cohesin
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Microtubule organizing center which has centrioles inside
Centrosome
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Protein which spindle fibers attatch to?
Kinetochore protein
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Microtubules around the poles
Astral microtubules
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Microtubules which attach to kinetochores
Kinetochore microtubules
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Microtubules from one end to another
Polar microtubules
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Breaks down cohesin
Separase
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Binds to separase until ready for use
Securin
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Stage at which nuclear membrane reforms and DNA decondenses?
Telophase
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Thin thread stage of prohase
Leptonema
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Stage at which crossing over occurs
Pachytene
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Stage at which tetrads are visible (chiasmata visible)
Diplonema
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Stage at which homolgous chromosomes pair
zygotene
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Causes homolog pairing
Synaptonemal complex
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Stage before metaphase at which microtubules attach to kinetechores
Diakinesis
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Orient the kinetochores for the two sister chomatids toward one pole
Monopolins
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Separation of homologous chromosomes
Anaphase 1
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Tell which stage each undergoes:
1. Spermatogonia and Oogonia
2. Primary spermatocytes and oocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes and oocytes
4. Spermatids and ovum
- 1. Mitosis
- 2. Meiosis
- 3. meiosis 11
- 4. Maturation
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How many months until ovaries are fully formed?
6 months
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What stage are oocytes in t birth?
Diplotene
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At puberty what stage are oocytes in?
Metaohase II
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Enzymes which transfer p from ATP to substrate
Kinase
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Transcriptional regulator which promotes S Phase
E2F
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Block transcriptional regulator
Ribos
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Activates genes needed for the Sphase
E2F activated Cyclin D-CDK4 & Cyclin E-CDK2
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Concentration of this is constant in the cell
kinases
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Mitosis promoting factor
Cyclin B-CDC2
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Activates the inactive MPF
CDC25C phosphatase
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Removes a Phosphate
Phosphatase
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Mechanism that halts progression until a critical process is complete or damage is repaired
Checkpoints
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Slows processivity of DNA polymerase, blocks cyclin B, blocks CDC25C phosphatase, increases Bax
p53
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Blocks G1 cyclin-CDKs and action of DNA polymerase
p51
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Proteases which mediate apoptosis
caspase
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Lcation of Bax
Mitochondria
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Involves a G-protein and changes to active form with GTP
Ras-GTP
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Promotes regulated mitosis and inhibit apoptosis
proto-oncogenes
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Dominant mutation that creates a new function for gene product or cause the wild-type product to be produced where or when it should not be
Gain of function mutation
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Mutated proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
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Negatively regulates cell cycle and promotes apoptosis
Tumor suppressor genes
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End of the chromosome
a) Shorten by how much following cell division?
b) After how many divisions does senescence occur?
- Telomer
- a) 200 nucleotides
- b) 50 divisions
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Keeps telomeres long
a) Found in what cell type?
- Telomerase
- a) germline cells
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The garden pea is referred to as?
Pisum salivum
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The male part of a plant
Stamen
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The female part of a plant
Pistil
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Forms a seed
Endosperm formed from ovum
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