History

which of the following was the major feature of the Neolithis revolution in the middle east?
A. the establishment of sedentary village communities
B. a decline in the total population of the area
C. the spread of a migratory way of life
D. an increase in the use of bronze tools
E. an increase in the amount of forested land

judaism is based on the belief in
A. faith alone with few rituals or rules of behavior
B. a rejection of this world and it's cares
C. a covenant between god and hebrew people
D. eternal punishment for nonbelievers
E. nature as life force in an orderly and just universe

the founder of buddhism developed a religion centered on
A. regulation of social interaction
B. elimination of desire and suffering
C. belief in heaven
D. monotheism
E. support of the caste system

the spread of bantu-speaking peoples over southern africa can be best explained by their
A. superior naval technology
B. use of cavalry
C. conversion to islam
D. centralized political systems
E. knowledge of agriculture

which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of daosim
A. emphasis on harmony between humanity and nature
B. unquestioning obedience to the ruler
C. belief in the mandate of heaven
D. precedence of duty to ones family over all other obligations
E. respect for ones ancestors as critical to proper behavior

the chinese concept of "Mandate of heaven was sometimes used to justify
A. rebellion
B. widow immolation
C. reincarnation
D. monogamy
E. foot binding

which of the following is not true of the paleolithic era?
A. paleolithis people eveloped rituals to help them deal with human existence
B. paleolithic people made a living by gathering and hunting, rather than producing food
C. the first writing system developed in this period of human history
D. paleolithis people used stone rather than metal tools

all except which of the following was a common feature of early gathering and hunting societies?
A. relationships between women and men were far more equal than in later societies
B. they were small consisting of bands of 21-50
C. they were seasonally mobile or nomadic
D. they had clearly defined socials hierarchies

in which of the following ways did paleolithic people purposely alter the natural environment
A. they tamed and kept certain species of animals fro their meath and wool
B. they built walls to protect themselves from wild animals and their neighbors
C. they deliberately set fire to encourage the growth of particular plants
D. they cleared feilds and planted simple crops

in which environment is it most likely that a paleolithic society would have been able to settle down permanently in villages while continuing to live from gathering and hunting
A. on the edge of the desert where enemies would be more likely to leave them alone
B. in the mountains, where caves were available for storage and shelter
C. in the forest region, because of the presence of large mammals
D. near the sea, because the sea provided a permanent fod supply

about 12000 years ago a new global pattern of human life started to unfold as humankind began
A. to migrate and settle ourside of africa
B. deliberately to cultivate plants
C. tame and breed wild animals
D. both b and c

agriculture developed separately and independently in
A. europe
B. australia
C. india
D. sub-saharan africa

which of the following was not a challenge to the establishment of agriculture in the americas as compared to the afro-eurasion world?
A. the lack of rich cereal grains to domesticate
B. the north/south orientation of the americas
C. the lack of other crops with which to supplement a diet of maize
D. the lack of large mammals suitable for domestication

early agricultural people
A. didn't suffer from famines
B. had more leisure time than their gatherer- hunder counterparts
C. suffered from deadly diseases caught from domesticated animals
D. uniformly enjoyed a greater life expectancy than gatherer-hunters

the agricultural revolution sesulted in
A. the growing power of humans over many other species of plants and animals
B. greater socials distinctions between people than before
C. and unprecedent increase in the human population
D. all of the above

diffusion
a. refers to the taming and changing of plants and animals by humans
b. refers to the securing of more food and resources from a smaller area of land
c. refers to the gradual sread of the techniques of agriculture and perhaps the plants and animals themselves, without the extensive movement of agricultural people

domestication
A. refers to the securing of more food and resources from a smaller area of land than was possible with a gathering and hunting technology
B. refers to the taming and changing of plants and animals by humans
C. refers to the slow colonization of new lands by agricultural peoples as growing propulations and pressures to expand pushed them outward
D. refers to the gradual spread of the techniques of agriculture, and perhaps the plants and animals themselves, without the extensive movement of agricultural people

which of the following cannoth be defined as a first civilization
A. Hittite
B. Sumerian
C. norte chico
D. egyptian

which of the following is necessary for a society to be defined as a "civillization" in the traditional scholarly sense?
A. citites
B. a written language
C. grain- based barming
D. defensive walls

probably the least developed of the methods of writing developed in the first civilizations in terms of ability to express all human thought, this writing system consisted of a complex system of knotted cords that recorded mostly numerical data but may also have been used to record words and ideas
A. quipus
B. indus valley script
C. hieroglyphs
D. cuneiform

this first civilization was above all shaped by the single river that flowed through it and that flooded predictable every year to fertilization and bring water to the fields
A. norte chico
B. the indus valley
C. mesopotamia
D. Egypt

menay scholars believe that this early civilization developed a negative view of life and the agterlife because of its harsh physical setting
a. egypt
b. the indus valley
d. Mesopotamia

all exept which of the following statements is true about ancient sumer?
A. about 80 percent of the sumerian population lived in a city-state making sumer the most highly urbanized of all ancient civilizations
B. sumer was ruled by a single monarch or emperor who had authority over subkings in each city-state
C. sumer consisted of about a dozen independent city-states that repeatedly fought each other
D. deforestation and soil erosion gradually caused an environmental catastrophe in sumer

which of the following cultural traditions did not develop in china during the "age of warring states"
A. legalism
B. daoism
C. buddhism
D. confucianism

which of the following statements is the best definition of the chinese philosophy known as legalism
A. legalists believed that the way to create socials harmony was by strict adherence to moral "laws" that people would be taught to obey voluntarily
B. legalist believed that social harmony could be created and maintained by clearly spelling out laws and strictly enforcing them through rewards and punishments
C. legalists believed that the best way to provide social harmoney was by creating a wide popular consensus to legislate and enforce laws
D. legalists believed that the laws of china were handed down from heaven and that divine forces would destroy thoses who did not follow them

confucius believed that it was possible to restore socials harmony in all except which of the following ways
A. superiors should provide a god moral example to their inferiors
B. elities should recieve a broad liberal arts eduaction as the key to moral essential ingredient of a peaceful society
C. people should meditate on nature as the key means to restore their sense of balance with the world

all except which of the following religions foretells a savior figure who will restore either individuals of the world itself to purity and peace
A. Zoroastrianism
B. judaism
C. daoism
D. christianity

which of the following is not one of the three c's around which this class is organized
A. comparison
B. connections
C. changes
D. challenges

which of the folowing statements about early cities is true
a. by gathering many people together in a small area, they encouraged coorgeration and democratic procedures to get things done
b. they encouraged inequality and class distictions: some citizens were able to acquire more wealth and status than others
c. they were administrative and religious centers, but most manufaturing took place in the countryside instead of in cities
d. because poeple lived closer together, society tended to get more personal and people adhered more closely to kinship ties for their won protection

which of the following contributed significantly to the fall of both the western roman and han empires?
A. the destruction of overland trage routes
B. invasions by borderland peoples
C. irrigularities in the flow of the silver trade
D. new military technologies

the sixth-century C.E. buddhist statue complex shown above, found in china is and example of
A. the wealth an dpower of the emperor
B. cross-cultural interaction
C. religious conflict
D. reverence for ancestors

which of the following describes a major effect of the bantu migrations?
A. the spread of islam across sub-saharan africa
B. the success of hunter- foraging in sub-saharan africa
C. the introduction of banana cultivation in east africa
D. the diffusion of iron metallurgy in sub-saharan africa

inca and aztec societies were similar in that both
A. acquired empires by means of military conquest
B. depended entirely on oral record keeping
C. independently developed iron technology
D. developed from maya civilization

between 200 B.C.E and 200 C.E. the silk roads facilitated commodity trade between which of the following pairs of empires
A. the roman and incan
B. the han and spanish
C. the mali and byzantine
D. the roman and han

the development and spread of christianity and buddhism before 600 C.E. had all of the following in common except
A. bother were outgrowths of other religions
B. both developed monastic orders open to women
C. the founders of both presented themselves as divine
D. both were aided in their spread by existing trade networks

before 600 C.E large centralized empires such as the han, persian, and roman empires extended their military power by
A. giving more political power to the common people in conquered territories, thus eliminating the need for large armies of occupation
B. creating open societies inclusive of different religious and cultural practices, thus decreasing the chance of revolts
C. developing supply lines and building infrastructure, including defensive walls and roads
D. recruiting their armies entirely from inhabitants of their core territories and excluding members of newly conquered lands

which of the following is a major difference between the social structures of china and india between 600 B.C.E and 600 C.E?
A. confucianism emphasized spiritual advancement for people who faithfully performed their social duties
B. confucian social hierarchy privileged government officials
C. slaves did most of the agricultural work on large indian estates
D. merchants had the highest social status in india

befor 600 C.E all of the following were part of the confucian social order exept
A. filial obedience to ones father
B. loyalty to the ruler
C. respect for the old
D. marital fidelity by husbands

the political culture of classical greek civilization was different from that of persia because
A. greek civilization allowed for the limited participation of women in public assemblies
B. only ther persian empire offered equality for all citizens before the law
C. only greek civilization experimented with the idea of free people running the affairs of state
D. unlike percia, no idea of citizenship eveloped in greece

the failed persian invasions of greece in 490 and 480 B.C.E. resulted in
A. the collapse of the persian empire
B. the unification of greece under a single ruler
C. the emergence of a golden age of culture and democracy in athens
D. all of the above

the creation of an empire threatened republican government in rome
A. because it empowered a small group of military leaders whose fierce rivalries brought civil war to rome
B. because the opportunities available to por freemen in the empire drained rome and the countryside around the capital of essential labor
C. because to many citizen soldiers grew rich from war and settled down to farm, weakening the army
D. because the grant of full political rights to all conquered peoples made republican government too combersome and inefficient

althought the classical roman and chinese empires were similar in many ways, which of the following was an important difference
A. only the roman empire absorbed a foreign religious tradition
B. only the romans committed resources to building roads, bridges, and canals to integrate their domains militarily and ommercially
C. only chinese emperors invoked supernatural sanctions to support their rule
D. because of earlier precedents, the chinese process of empire- formation occured over a much shorter periof than the centuries-long roman effort

in comparison to china, northern india
A. lacked a distinctive religious tradition
B. possessed a unique social organization, the caste sytem
C. was more politically centralized
D. possessed less cultural diversity

which of the following is a cultural achievement of the maya
A. creation of an elaborate writing system that included both pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements
B. A mathematical system that included the concept of zero and place notation
C. creation of elaborate public spaces, including tmeples, pyramids, and palaces
D. all of the above

which of the following is not true of slavery in classical china
A. slaves never became a major source of labor for agriculture of manufacturing
B. impoverished or indebted peasants might sell their children into slavery
C. convicted criminals and their families were among the earliest slaves in han dynasty china
D. a relatively large percentage, perhaps as much as one third of the total population were slaves

jesus, of nazareth was put to death by the romans because
A. he preached the good news
B. he preached a kingdom of god
C. he preached love to your enemies
D. he called for neros defeat

cyrus the great created the first empire of
A. macedonia
B. greece
C. persia
D. rome

slavery in athens
A. went hand in hand with democracy
B. did no involve publicly owned slaves
C. did not involve children
D. was based on race

sparta's political leaders were referred to as
A. tribunes
B. patricans
C. consuls
D. councils of elders

Darius I sought revenge against the athenians for their support of the
A. ionians
B. minoans
C. persians
D. spartans

darious I was defeated in 490 bce at
A. the battle of sardis
B. the battle of salamis
C. the battle of Thermopylae
D. the battle of Marathon

rome became a republic after defeating
A. the etruscans
B. carthage
C. the latins
D. the persians

before 494 bce the roman republic was dominated by
A. consuls
B. plebians
C. tribunes
D. patricians

between 264-146 bce, the roman republic gained control over the mediterranean by defeating
A. the latins
B. carthage
C. the persians
D. the etruscans

cleopatra bore sons to both
a. octavian and mark antony
b. Lepidus and Mark antony
c. julius caesar and alexander the great
d. julius caesar and mark antony

cleopatra was the last pharaoh of classical egypt, but her family was from
A. persia
B. macedonia
C. athens
D. rome

caesar committed treason when he
A. conquered gaul
B. crossed the rubican river with his troops
C. annexed egypt
D. formed the first triumvirate with pompey and crassus

the roman propaganda could best been seen in
A. roman aqueducts
B. the use of the latin language
C. roman scientific advancements
D. roman coins

the roman empire looked much like alexander the greats greek empire when it came to their
A. limits on citizenship
B. liberal assimilations policies
C. persecution of christians
D. insistence on the use of latin language

greece was easily conquered by macedonia for all of the following except
A. the greek city states were exhausted from fighting
B. a plague had recently swept through
C. the greeks were hoping to unification
D. the greek city states were unwilling to cooperate with eachother

alexander the great declared tha the was the sone of
A. ahura mazda
B. zeus
C. poseidon
D. apollo

like xerxis, alexander the great crossed the hellespont, but while xerxes offended the greeks during his crossing alexander did better by paying homage to the god
A. apollo
B. zeus
C. poseidon
D. ahura mazda

christianity became an acceptable religion under the emperor
A. augustus
B. diocletian
C. constantine
D. caligula

the in the early 300s the capital of rome was moved to the old city of
A. alexandria
B. byzantium
C. sardis
D. persepolis

which of the following ideas was given to muslims on the authroity of the Qur'an?
A. all earthly existence is merely an illusian
B. muhammad is god
C. the soul may be reborn in another earthy form after the death of the individual
D. moses and jesus were both great prophets sent by god for the benefit of humanity
E. the cow is a sacred animal and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act

prior to 1000 ce, southeast asia was most influenced by which of the following?
a. india and china
b. china and japan
d. australia and polynesia
e. the swahili states and the ottoman empire

which of the following did the mongol armies fail to conquer and why
a. kievan russia, because the mongols were unable to endure the harsh russian winters
b. the abbasid caliphate because the defenders flooded the mesopotamian plains and made them impossibel for the mongol cavalry
c. central asia because of the effective diplomacy of timour and his successors
d. central asia because of the effective diplomacy of timur and his successors
d. the southern song empire because of it's superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolution
e. japan because severe storms aided the experienced japanese naval forces

which of the following governments filled positions in the bureaucracy by means of merit examinations
A. the roman empire
B. the byzantine empire
C. china under mao zedong
D. china under the tang
E. feudal monarchies in western europe

from the founding of each religion christians and muslims shared a belief in
A. the legal equality of men and women
B. the principle of separation and of church and state
C. the equality of men and women
D. a single omnipotent deity

which of the following accurately describes the mongol empires role in facilitating trans-eurasian trade
A. it reestablished the silk roads between east asia and europe
B. it created a self- contained economic system by banning non- mongol merchant from its territories
C. it developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented mongols
D. it imposed mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples

which of the following is among the reasons why tang and song dynasty china is regarded as a "golden age"?
A. major artistic, literary, and scholarly advances, including the creation of neo-confucianism
B. major voyages of exploration sponsored by the emperors giving the chinese access to a new range of trade goods and wealth
C. the development of democratic institutions that gave more people a say in government
D. the invention of new forms of weaponry that assured peace by giving china a new military advantage over its neighbors

which of the following did not contribute to chinas economic revolution during the tang and song dynasties?
A. sophisticated commercial networks that included paper money and letters of creadit
B. a major increase in industrial production
C. the import of large numbers of slaves to work in agriculture and industry
D. a complex network of internal waterways that allowed cheep transportation

pre-modern japan never created an effective centralized and bureaucratic state comparable to that of china. which of the following is an accepted reason for that failure
A. the japanese emperor lost their ceremonial function to buddhist monks, thus decreason respect for the monarchy
B. frequent changes in dynasty destabilized the japanese monarchy
C. the frequent threat of invasion by china put a premium on local defese
D. competing aristocratic families had real political power, providing a centrifugal pull against centralization

the most significant cultural legacy of the mongol empire was
A. the spread through force conversion of the traditional mongol religion based on devotion to tengri
B. the spread of the mongol language, which continues to flourish today in many places far from the mongol homeland
C. a new structure of pastoral states that broke with the state building structures of their xiongnu and turic predecessors
D. non of the above

all except which of the following is among the pillars of islam
A. regular prayer at specified times
B. fasting during the month of ramadan
C. generous giving to the needy
D. respect for the divinely appointed authority

which one of the following civilizations did not lose all or part of its territory to the arab empire
A. persian
B. roman/byzantine
C. egyptian
D. chinese

why was the shia branch of islam formed
A. its adherents feared thats muslims in conquered lands were going native and abandoning islamic teachings
B. the imam ali had a new revelation that expanded the teachings of islam
C. its adherents believed that husayn, the son of ali was the messiah
D. a leadership crisis occurred causing division between the sunnis and the shiites, who believed that blood relations of muhammad should rule the islamic world

in comparison to byzantium the latin west before 1000 C.E.
A. was more politically unified
B. had a christian church more firmly under the control of political authorities
C. possessed no citiy that could compare to the splendor of constantinople
D. was more integrated into the silk roads