Understanding the Immune responce

The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells

is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from non harmful organisms and produces an appropriate response

Toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism (cause the problem)

protiens capable of stimulating an immune response

unique universal product code for each person

present on the surface of nearly all body cells

act as antigens only if they enter another person's body

determne the tissue type of a person

AKA: human transplantation antigens, human histocompatibility antigens, major histocompatibility antigens, and class I antigens

The body produces in responce to the problem

Recognize antigens bind to and deactivate them

Viruses, bacteria or other living things that cause disease/immune responce

primarly responsable for immunity

• Thymus gland (gets smaller with age)
• Lymph nodes
• lymph ducts
• spleen
• tonsils

• blood-especially white blood cells (normal 5,000-10,000)
• thymus gland produces T lymphocytes
• bone marrow produces B lymphocytes

• Peyer's patches located in the intestines
• lymph nodes located in many places in the body
• tonsils
• spleen

when all the different parts of the inflammation and immunity are working well

• The bodies first line of defense
• Physical barrier:hard to penetrate
• Chemical barrier: tears, sweat

nutralize, eliminate, or destroying organisms that invade the internal environment.

use protective action against non-self proteins and cells

Immune system cells can distinguish between the body's own cells and other, non-self protiens and cells

• infected body cells
• cancer cells
• all invading cells and organisms

the ability to recognize self versus non-self, which is necessary to prevent invaders

the immune system cells are the only body cells capable of determining self from non-self

self tolerance is possible because of the different kinds of proteins present on cell membranes

• Primary:
• Blood- WBC mainly
• thymus gland- produces T lymphocytes
• Bone Marrow- produces B lymphocytes

• Secondary:
• Peyer's patches in the intestines
• lymph nodes
• tonsils
• spleen

• specific immune response
• this is involves the creation of antibodies

protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms

provide protection through many defensive actions

• - recognition of self versus non-self
• - destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, and unhealthy or abnormal self cells
• -production of antibodies directed against invaders
• -complement activation
• -production of cytokines that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in bone marrow and increase specific leukocyte activity

• inflammation
• antibody-mediated immunity also known as humoral immunity
• cell-mediated immunity
• Immunocompetence requires the function and interaction of all three processes

• also called natural immunity
• immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign protiens

inflammatory protection is immediate but short-term against injury or invading organism. it does not provide true immunity on repeated exposure to the same organism

inflammation is a nonspecific body defense to invasion or injury and can be started quickley by almost any event regardless of where it occure or what causes it

if the inflammatory response is excessive tissue damage may result

inflammatory response also starts both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated response

• confusing issue about inflammation is that this process occurs in response to tissue injury as well as to invasion by organisms

infection is usually accompanied by inflammation

however inflammation can occur without infection (sprains injuries to joints, myocardial infarction, sterile surgical incisions, blister formation)

inflammation caused by infection (appendicitis, peritonitis, and viral hepatitis)

inflammation does not always meant an infection is present

Narural killer cells kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells by cell-to-cell contact

antigen specific cytotoxic T cells

involves the creation on antibodies

• Cellular immunity: carried out by T-Cells
• infected cells are killed by cytotoxic T-Cells

• Antibody or Humoral immunity: carried out by B-Cells
• antibodies are produced and dumped into blood stream
• antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them

1) antigen infects cells

2) macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface

3)helper T-cells recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active

4) active helper T-Cell activates cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells

5) Cytotoxic T-Cells devide into Cytotoxic T-Cells and memory T-Cells

6) active cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells

7)At the same time B-Cells devide into Plasma cells and memory B-Cells

8) Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen

9) memory T and memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears

10) supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens have been destroyed

are activated when pathogens enter the body

complement certain immune responses

attract phagocytes

form holes in bacteria

interferon binds to receptors of non-infected cells causing them to prepare for possible attack

Primary; response to an invader the first time the invader infects the body

• no measurable immune response for the first few days
• next 10-15 days antibody production grows steadily

Secondary: a more rapid response to an invader the 2^nd time it invades the body antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period