The random motion of atoms and molecules is called.
Brownian Motion
Where in a human cell would you find DNA?
The nucleus
What types of molecules make up the cell membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and some carbohydrates
What kind of molecules can pass most easily through a cell membrane?
Lipids
The spontaneous movement of substances from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is called.
Diffusion
The process during cell reproduction by which the cell's nucleus divides is called.
Mitosis
True or False
Cells soaking in an isotomic solution will gain water and swell.
False
True or False
DNA replication occurs during prophase.
False
The basic unit of all living organisms.
Cell
Deoxyribonucleic Acid - The genetic materials in cells.
DNA
A class of lipid molecules that contain a phosphate group (PO4) termed the phospate head.
Phospholipid
A form of transport in which a substance packaged in a vesicle is transported out of a cell. The membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cellular membrane, peels open, and expels the contents.
Exocytosis
A cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and assorted other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryote
A membrane that allows some substances to pass though but prevents others from doing so.
Selectively permeable
Movement of material that does not require additional energy.
Passive transport
Maintaining a relatively constant internal environment.
Homeostasis
Nuclear division of reproductive cells (sperm and ova); Produces cells with only one chromosome from each pair.
Meiosis
A state of balance.
Equilibrium
Mobile extensions on the outside surface of a cell that move in a wave-like manner to sweep materials over the cell's surface.
Cilia
The form of RNA generated from DNA for the synthesis of a protein.
Messenger RNA also calles mRNA
The liquid portion of cytoplasm.
Cytosol
"False Feet". A temporary projection of the cell membrane and cytoplasm that extends out from the cell surface. In endocytosis these wrap around the material to be brought into the cell.
Pseudopodia
A model of the cellular membrane having a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which the moveable proteins and other structures are embeded.
Fluid Mosaic Model
A collection of membranous sacs where products madi in other areas are sent for final modification, packaging and distribution.
Golgi apparatus
A stucture that holds a cell together and forms a physical partition to ceperate the cell's inside world from the outside, makin it easier to maintain constancy inside the cell. Also called the cell membrane.
Plasma membrane
Tiny fibrous, thread-like pieces within cells.
Microfiliment
A covering found on cells that seperates their internal environment from the external environment.
Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
Diffusion in which the moving molecules are assisted in their movements from higher concentration to lower concentration. This may involve carriers for the moving molucules and channels through which they can move.
Facilitated diffusion
In a solution, the substance in which the solute disolves.
Solvent
Area of the cell concerned with production of the spindle associated with chromosome movement during cell reproduction.
Centrosome
The form of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) that transports amino acids to ribosomes for incorporation into proteins.
Transfer RNA (also called tRNA)
The final stage of mitosis in which nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, the chromosomes relax back into thread-like chromatin, and the nucleous reappears.
Telophase
An organelle that produces energy (ATP) from food sources for cellular work.
Mitochondrion
A membrane-bound structure that houses a eukaryotic cell's DNA.
Nucleus
An environment in which there is a difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.
Concentration gradient
A form of transport in which substances are taken into cells in vesicles from extensions of the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
The membrane-bound vesicle containing material brought into the cell during pinocytosis.
Endosome
The region within a prokaryote where the DNA is located.
Nucleoid
The first stage of mitosis in which chromatin condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleus disappear and the spindle begins to form.
Prophase
Small membranous bags containing digestive enzymes to break down materials.
Lysosome
The membrane-bound vesicle containing the material brought into the cell during phagocytosis.
Phagosome
An extensive network of tubes within the cells where many different substances are synthesized, transported and stored. The rough portions contains ribosomes and thus synthesized proteins. The smooth portion makes other molecules.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A jelly-like substance similiar to cytoplasm, found in the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm
The orientation fo the two layers fo phospholipids in the cell membrane in which the phosphate heads of the two layers face away from the membrane, producing hydrophilic regions on esch side of the membrane. The fatty acid tails of the two layers face toward each other, forming a hydrophobic central regions.
Phospholipid bilayer
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it completes reproduction.
Cell cycle
The period of the cell cycle during which the cell divides.
Cell reproduction
The study of cells.
Cytology
A homogeneous mixture in which a solute is evenly distributed throughout a solute.
Solution
A cell that has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryote
Spontaneous movement from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentrantion.
Simple diffusion
Endocytosis in which solids are moved into the cell.
Phagocytosis
A relaxed thread-like form of DNA, found during interphase, early prophase, and late telophase.
Chromatin
The process of duplicating the DNA of a cell in preparation for cellular reproduction. It occurs during interphase.
DNA replication
Paired cylindrical structures found in animal cells that are in the centrosome and direct movement of chromosomes during cell reproduction.
Centriole
Opening found in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of substances into and out of the cell's nucleus.
Nuclear pore
Breaks down organic compounds, such as fatty acids, whose breakdown produces hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisome
Tiny tubes found within cells.
Microtubule
Endocytosis in which liquids are brought into the cell.
Pinocytosis
The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
A form of endocytosis in which the material to be brought into the cell first attaches to special receptors that recognize it on the surface of the cell.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
"Water Fearing"
Hydrophobic
With respect to cellular membranes, this is the interior region between the two phospholipid layers, which contain the fatty acids.
Hydrophobic
A small circular piece of DNA found in prokaryotes in addition to their regular DNA.
Plasmid
A long tail-like extension that propel the cell forward.
Flagellum
A phosphate group (PO4) making up part of a phospholipid.
Phosphate head
A stucture within the nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Nucleolus
The form of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) found in ribosomes.
Nucleolus
Cytoplasmic division.
Cytokinesis
Constant, random movement of particles caused by collisions among other contantly moving particles.
Brownian Motion
The process through which cells build proteins.
Protein synthesis
A fluid material found inside cells that contains many substances.
Cytoplasm
In a solution, the substance that gets "dissolved".
Solute
The state of mitosis following prophase in which the chromosomes align in pairs along the equator of the cell.
Metaphase
A stucture within a cell that carries out specific functions.
Organelle
A group of conclusion arrived at from observations relating to the origin, function, and nature of cells.
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
3. Alll vital functions occur within cells.
4. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
5. Cells contain hereditary information that regulates their functions and is passed from generation to generation.
Cell Theory
Structures composed of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and protein that carry out protein synthesis.
Ribosome
Nuclear division that produces two genetically identical nuclei.
Mitosis
An energy consuming process by which materials are moved against their concentration gradients.
Active transport
A collection of microtubules and microfilaments that support cell components, anchor organelles and assist in cellular movement.
Cytoskeleton
Composed of one cell.
Unicellular
Adenosine Triphosphate.
ATP
An energy-rich molecule used to store cellular energy.
ATP
A double membrane forming the outside of the cell's nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
A sac-like membrane structure enclosing substances.
Vesicle
"Water-Loving".
Hydrophilic
With respect to the cellular membrane, this is the inner and outer surfaces of the phospholipid bilayer, which contain the phosphate head.
Hydrophilic
A molecule composed of mostly carbon and hydrogen attached to glycerol in a lipid.
Fatty acid tail
Composed of more that one cell.
Multicellular
Condensed form of chromatin (DNA) seen during cellular reproduction.
Chromosome
The period of the cell cycle from the time a cell is formed until it reproduces.
Interphase
The stage in mitosis following metaphase in which the chromosome pairs seperate and are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.