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What are the steps of the scientific method?
- State the problem
- Form a hypothesis
- Create an experiment
- Collect data
- Write conclusion
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What is the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
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What is a biotic factor?
a living part of an ecosystem.
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What is a abiotic factor?
a nonliving part of an ecosystem.
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What is the limiting factor?
factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease.
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What is the carrying capacity?
carrying capacitylargest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.
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What is population density?
population densitynumber of individuals per unit area.
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What is the birth rate?
the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time.
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What is the death rate?
the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time
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What is the life span?
The longest period of life reached by a type of organism
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What is a developed country?
a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in undeveloped countries do.
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What is a undeveloped country?
a poorer country with a less advanced economy. Usually have high birth rates and high death rates.
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What is exponential growth?
growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate, J shaped graph
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What is logistical growth?
Population growth pattern that begins with rapid growth, and slows down as the environmental carrying capacity is reached; characterized by an S-shaped curve when graphed.
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random sampling
a method of randomly choosing organisms in a small sample and then estimating total population size.
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capture-mark-recapture
counting population by tagging animals in an initial sample and then estimating total population size after recapturing another sample.
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census
population direct count
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prokaryotes
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus (such as bacteria)
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eukaryotes
organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
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plant cell
A type of cell characterized by a rigid cell wall and the presence of many chloroplasts
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animal cell
A type of cell characterized by the presence of centrioles and lacking a cell wall
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mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
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chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy (sugar)
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nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
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cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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cell wall
a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms
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photosynthesis
process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
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glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose (6 carbon), in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid (each with 3 carbons)
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light-dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to split water into oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH
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light-independent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that does not directly require light; it uses the products of the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide to sugar
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aerobic cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy (ATP) from the breakdown of glucose
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anaerobic cellular respiration
the process by which cells breakdown glucose in the cytoplasm without the presence of oxygen.
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fermentation
also called anaerobic respiration, the process by which cells break down sugar to release energy without using oxygen (in yeast produce alcohol)
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ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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ADP
(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
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enzyme
specialized proteins or catalyst that speed up chemical reactions
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diffusion
process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
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facilitated diffusion
when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules. Still move from greater to lesser concentration so DO NOT require energy.
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osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from greater to lesser concentration.
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isotonic solution
the concentration of water is the same inside and outside the cell.
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hypertonic solution
a solution in which the concentration of water is greater inside the cell than out, so cell shrinks.
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hypotonic solution
a solution in which the concentration of water is greater outside the cell than in, so cell swells
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equilibrium
When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
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solute
the dissolved substance in a solution
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solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
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active transport
the movement of materials through a cell from lesser to greater concentration using energy
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endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
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exocytosis
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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prokaryotic cell
cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles (such as bacteria)
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virus
ultramicroscopic infectious particle that reproduces itself only within cells of living hosts
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bacteria
single-celled spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking a nucleus that reproduce by fission or conjugation
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endospore
a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions
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protein capsid
outer coat of all viruses; made of proteins to protect the DNA or RNA inside.
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envelope
a membranelike layer that covers the capsids of some viruses
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antibiotics
chemicals that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
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vaccines
vaccinesweakened infectious particles (bacteria or viral) which allow the host to create an immune response to fight some diseases
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