Chapter 3 notes: Botany

basic unit of life

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. Cells come from division of preexisting cells (cells come from cells)

3. Cells- smallest unit of protoplasm that is living

4. Cells have the ability to form a new organism

everything inside the cell membrane

everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus

-Barrier

-outside of plant cells

-microfibrils of cellulose, lignin- the walls are made up of it

-has primary and secondary cell walls

-regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell

-surrounds the cytoplasm just inside the cel wall

-2 layers of lipids with proteins mixed in

-controls cell activities

-nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope)

- Has chromosomes inside of it (DNA)

inside the nucleus.

-has RNA inside of it.

-transports materials in and between cells, some carry out protein synthesis

-consists of a network of membranes

-protein synthesis

-made up of a subunits- 2 subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins

-subunits assembled in nucleolus

-made up of RNA

Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER

-associated with protein synthesis and storage

devoid of ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion

-cellular respiration, release of energy (ATP)

-they have their own DNA, can reproduce

- consists of an outer and inner membrane (cristae, which are folded)

- carry out photosynthesis

- own DNA

-contains chlorophyll

-thylakoids stacked together when forming Grana and fluid like Stroma

-synthesize and accumulate carotenoids

-colorless

-may synthesize starches (amyloplasts)

-synthesizes oils (elaioplasts)

synthesizes starch

-contains water and other materials enlargment of cells

-1 to a few vacuoles per cell

- bounded by vacuolar membranes -tonoplasts

-filled with cell sap which helps maintain pressure within cell

forms and packages cell wall materials cellular secretions

-modifies carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the E.R

orderly series of events when cells divide

-divide into interphase and mitosis

-G1

-S

-G2

-Prophase

-Metaphase

-Anaphase

-Telophase

-occupies 90% of cell cycle

-period when cells are not dividing

-cell increases in size

-DNA replication takes place

mitochondria and other organelles divide, and microtubules are produced

-process of the cellular division

-produces 2 daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA and other substances duplicated during interphase

--mitosis occurs in meristems

-chromosomes condense by coiling and tightening to become shorter and thicker

-nuclear envelope fragments and nucleolus disintegrates

-chromosones align between the poles around the circumference of the spindle at the cell's equator

-sister chromaids seperate in unison and are pulled to opposite poles with centromeres leading the way

-each group of daughter chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear envelope

-daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner

-nucleoli reappear

-spindle fibers disintegrate