Bio 1215 Prokaryotes

• - the most prmitive organism on earth
• - are unicellular
• - are the smallest living organisms
• - lack membrane bound organelles

• 1. to offer protection from viruses
• 2. maintain cell shape

1. Cell wall of bacteria contains peptidoglycan which mains the cell wall very rigid, it is not very permeable, it is there to protect cell wall from turgor pressure

• 2. The plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, a polymer of glucose and is
• used to give structural support to the cell. In addition the cell wall
• is used as a filtering mechanism and also helps to expel excess water.

The antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by preventing the cross-linking of peptidoglycan and this causes the cell wall to weaken and lyse. The lysozyme enzyme can also damage bacterial cell walls.

Penicilliin turns off enzyme that makes peptidoglycan and so it cannot grow/divide so no making of cell wall. Cell wall becomes too thin in structure that it eventually pops!

It has a different chemical composition. Its smaller than our ribosomes and is very specific.

It has a single strand of DNA double helix, but the 2 ends connected together. Its only 1 DNA molecule in one bacterium compared to our cells that have 46 DNA molecules.

It targets ribosomes of bacteria so therefore the ribosomes cannot make any more proteins so it shuts off.

Capsule is a slimy polysaccharide or protein coat. It allows bacterium to attach/cling on to places. Can absorb nutrients from cells. (adds another layer of protection)

Fimbriae are numerous protein containing, hair-like projections. Its sticky and allows bacterium to attach/cling on to places. Can absorb nutrients from cells. Usually in testinal tract.

Flagellum is stiff, corkscrew-shaped protein attachments that rote to propel them forwards.

Eukaryote flagella: Has plasma membrae around it, has a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, like sperm movement, straight,flexible and moves back and forth(whip like)

Prokaryotes flagella: Prokaryotes may have one or many flagella for locomotion. Bacterial flagella are entirely outside the cell membrane (plasma membrane) and are normally visible only with the aid of an electron microscope.

Endospores consist of a copy of the genetic information surrounded by a thick, protective wall.

• Bacterial endospores serves the survival of the bacteria.
• The bacteria will change form into an endospore when conditions for
• survival is unfavorable. In this state they are hardier, resist many
• environmental changes, require no nutrients or water and can survive
• undetermined periods of time (it is believed it may survive thousands of
• years). Once survival conditions becomes favorable, it reverses it's
• form to normal bacterial form and restart division cycle. For us, is a
• real pain to get rid of, but for the bacteria, it's a major tool for
• survival.

Ribosomes, DNA, cell wall, capsule, flagellum, endospores

RAPID. A type of asexual reproduction common among prokaryotes wherein a cell divides giving rise to two cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.

• Basically, it multiplies the bacteria into more copies.
• 1. ONE Circular DNA molecule is copied
• 2. Hook the DNA up to membrane
• 3. Creates membrane inbetween two DNA molecules
• 4. The membrane pinches off in between until it splits in two.

Bacteria has no microtubules so the genetic material of bacteria splits in two.

Its like bacterial sex. Conjugation is the transfer of a copy of a small, ciruclar DNA molecule(Plasmid) through a tube-like "connection" (pilus) from one bacterium to another.

One bacterial cell that contains plasmid(which could code for resistance for antibiotics) would be the donor. It is like the Male who is the donor has sex with a female and the DNA material transfers through to the female and once it goes through synthesis and such, the female becomes a male. They all become (donors). It only goes in one direction so one gets the benefit and the other doesnt.

• 1. Genetic variation(all sex is about)
• 2. New strains of bacteria

• 1. Cocci (singular: coccus) spherical circular round shaped
• 
• 2. Bacilli (singular: bacillus) tube-like/rod shape
• 
• 3. Spirochetes have flexible cell walls with internal flagella
• 
• 4. Sprilla: have rigid cell walls with external flagella
• 
• 5. vibrios: comma shaped, could have external flagella
• 

• 1. Diplo- exist in "pairs"
• 2. Strepto - exist in "chains"
• 3. staphyo - exist in "clusters"

Ex. Diplobacilli (Rod shaped, has not gone through through binary fission completion)

Streptococci: spherical (throat infections)

Staphylococci: divided by binary fission

Gram posiitive PURPLE, gram negative PINK

Gram positive= thick outer layer of peptidogylycan and plasma membrane inside.

Gram negative = peptidoglycan cell wall in between outer liposolysaccharide membrane layer and plasma membrane on inside.

Because it has a thick cell wall

Because it ahs thin cell wall and 2 plasma membranes

• 1. Gram negative has 3 layers of protection!
• 2. the lipopolysaccharide outer layer is very poisonous.

• 1. We use purple crystal violet to stain the bacteria.
• 2. WE use alcohol to take out the stain (Gram negative loses colour faster than gram positive because of thin cell wall)
• 3. Saffranin is used as a counter stain to stain the gram negative cell.

It breaks down organic material of "OTHER" organisms.

Able to surive in presence of oxygen.

Able to survive in absence of oxygen.

Able to grow/survive in absence OR presence of oxygen

It decomposes, breaks down dead waste materials ex. corpses. used for sewage treatment.

They cause sicknesses and feed on host cells.

They make their "own" organic matter using "sunlight" and in the process release oxygen. Ex. Cyanobacteria = make oxygen used for "reducing armpit sweat etc"

They raised the oxygen levels which then incrased our diversity of animals in our planet.

They oxidize inorganic compounds(no carbons) such as hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and ferrous ions (FE2+) to obtain their energy.

Ex. clostridium notulism (Used for botox) Most toxic dangerous , targets diaphragm muscles.

• 1. obligate aerobes
• 2. obligate anaerobes
• 3. facultative anaerobes
• 4. saprophytes
• 5. parasites

• 1. heterotrophic
• 2. photoautotrophic
• 3. chemoautotrophic

CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC only found in prokaryotes

• 1. lymp disease
• 2. necrotizing fasciitis "flesh eating disease"
• 3. tetanus

Lyme disease caused by spirochette bacterium carried by ticks. Divides by binary fission

Symptoms: red rash where tick bites, red circles like bullseyes, arthitritus/joint problems. If not treated affects central nervous system and neurical system problems

• 1. flagellum between cell-wall
• 2. spiral shape
• 3. rotates as it moves
• 4. corscrew shaped
• 5. cell wall flexible

Caused by a streptococcai bacterium. caused by CUTS, nonsterile sugical equipment (endosphores of bacteria), the toxin in the causes the problem(found in soil), destroys blood vessels/skin/muscles

Sperical shaped and found in chains

Caused by obligate anaerobic bacillus bacterium that thrives in deep wounds.

Usually happens in construction sites cause there are a lot of nails.

Muscles contract and don't go back. Muscle stiffness. Some people break bones and get spasms, usualy die. Can't be fed. It acts on the "motor" neurons

can't survive with oxygen, rod shaped

Nitrogen fixation is carried out by bacteria in root nodules.

Nitrogen fixation is the natural process, either biological or abiotic, by which nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3).[1] This process is essential for life because fixed nitrogen is required to biosynthesize the basic building blocks of life, e.g., nucleotides for DNA and RNA and amino acids for proteins. Nitrogen fixation also refers to other biological conversions of nitrogen, such as its conversion to nitrogen dioxide.

Prokaryotes breakdown the cellulose of plant cell walls in the digestive tract of herbivores

1. The bacteria produces cellulose and breaks it down to glucose.

2. Make Vitamin 12(maturing of RBC) and for vitamin K(bloodclots)

• 1. to attract mates
• 2. to attract food (by other animals being attracted by the lights)

TO make Red blood cells mature fround a round circular shape to mature sexy curve shape. The nucleus disapears in the red blood cells and changes shape to sexy so it can easily squeeze through capilleries. (Increase in Surface area)

Since animals can't break down cellulose, they eat plants that contain bacteria that breakdown the cellulose of plant cell walsl in our digestive tract to glucose.

• Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms or
• their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original
• condition.

Use micro organisms to NATURALLY clean up pollutants

saprophytic bacteria are decomposers that release nutrients and recycle the nutrients . Decomposes dead bodies.

They convert milk sugar (lactose) to lactic acid to produce the sour flavour of yogurt and pickles, and the flavors of many cheeses.

• 1. used in bioremediation (ex. decomposition of oil spills)
• 2. produce antibiotics
• 3. use in commerical foods milk products

To protect themselves, getting rid of competitiors around them

They spray phosphate and nitrogen which encourages bacteria on the rocks which then causes binary fission encouraging natrual bacteria that destroys oil

• 1. Desired geen is inserted into a plasmid
• 2. plasmid is inserted into a bacterium
• 3. bacterium divides by binary fission and makes multiple copies of the gene
• 4. the gene can be inserted into plants to make them resistant to poilage and disease
• 5. the gene can be used to alter bacteria for cleaning toxic wastes
• 6. the gene canbe expressed to produce a protein for the treatment of a disease Ex. growth hormone for dwarphism

• 1. Gene can be inserted into plants to make them resistant to spoilage and disease
• 2. the gene can be used to alter bacteria for cleaning toxic wastes
• 3. the gene can be expressed to produce a protein for the treatment of a disease