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COPD
- Inspection: barrel chest, cyanosis, tripod position, use of accessory muscles
- Palpation: decreased movement
- Percussion: hyperresonant (dull if consolidated)
- Auscultation: crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, distant breath sounds
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Pneumonia
- Inspection: tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, duskiness or cyanosis
- Palpation: increased fremitus over affected area (fluid)
- Percussion: dull over affected areas (consolidation)
- Auscultation: bronchial sounds (early); crackles, rhonchi/rales, egophony, whispered pectoriloquy (later)
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Atelectasis
- Inspection: no change unless involves entire segment/lobe
- Palpation: increased fremitus, decreased movement
- Percussion: dull over affected areas
- Auscultation: crackles (may disappear with deep breaths), absent sounds if large
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Pulmonary edema
- Inspection: tachypnea, labored respirations, cyanosis
- Palpation: decreased movement or normal movement
- Percussion: dull or normal depending on amount of fluid
- Auscultation: fine or coarse crackles at bases moving upward as condition worsens
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Pleural effusion
- Inspection: tachypnea, use of accessory muscles
- Palpation: increased movement, increased fremitus above effusion, absent fremitus over effusion
- Percussion: dull
- Auscultation: diminished or absent over effusion, egophony over effusion
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Pneumothorax
- Palpation: decreased fremitus
- Percussion: hyperresonant
- Auscultation: absent breath sounds
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Pulmonary fibrosis
- Inspection: tachypnea
- Palpation: decreased movement
- Percussion: normal
- Auscultation: crackles, rales
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Asthma - in exacerbation
- Inspection: prolonged expiration, tripod position, pursed lips
- Palpation: decreased movement
- Percussion: hyperresonant
- Auscultation: wheezes, decreased breath sounds
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