Biology Midterm

all individuals of one species in a specific area

all populations in a specific area

a community interacting with its environment

• all the regions on earth that holds life
• --> land, water, air

• require energy and mertials to sustain their organization and activities
• nutrients
• producers
• consumers

• are required for growth and survival
• cycle throughout the earth unlike energy (one direction)

• make their own food
• get energy from the sun
• ex. plants, algae, cyno bacteria

• eat other organisms to get energy
• cant create food themselves

respond to stimulation

keep internal conditions within ranges that cells can tolerate (homeostasis)

• sense change
• growth and developement
• require energy
• organization

• archaea
• bacteria
• eukarya

interbreeding population that can produce fertile offspring

• Homo Sapiens
• Genus-Species

• basis of life since its really versatile
• 1 Triple + 1 Single OR
• 1 Double + 1 Double OR
• 1 Double + 2 Singles OR
• 4 Singles

COOH

• OH/O-H at the end
• ex. C₃H₅(OH)₃ = Alcohol

• NH₂CH₂COOH
• NH₂ = Amino Group
• CH₂ = what makes Amino Acids different
• COOH = carboxyl group

speed up reactions

• water is ~
• sticks to other water molecules

• Water is ~
• it sticks to other molecules that are not water

• measure of how many hydrogen ions are in a solution
• hydrogen ions (H⁺)
• scale:
• 1-6 = acidic
• 7 = neutral
• 8-14 = basic
• most chemical reactions in living things occur between pHs 6-8

• compound that produces Hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water
• ex. battery acids, lemon juice, vinegar
• pH scale - 1-6

• prevents rapid change in pH
• helps maintain homeostasis

more neutrons

have a +/- charge

• another word for condensation
• H₂O is removed when carbohydrates combine
• combines monomers to form polymers

• measure of heat energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1*C
• energy from food

• glycogen - storage for animals
• cellulose - used as structural support in plants
• starch - storage for humans

• simple sugars => carbs
• fatty acids => lipids
• amino acids => proteins
• nucleotides => nucleic acids

two molecules splitting

all carbons are single bonded to each other; other bonds have H so saturated with Hydrogen

two or more double bonded carbons in the backbone

• straight
• H are alternating

• H are all on the same side
• cis is healthier than trans

• maun components of cell membrance
• hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

• firm, pliable, water repelling, lubricating
• ex. bees wax, earwax, leaves wax

• membrane components: precursors of other molecules (steroid hormones)
• steroids -> 3 hexagons, 1 pentagon

• structure - dictates function
• nutrition
• enzymes
• transportation
• communication
• defense

bonds between amino acids

organic catalyst

• linear
• amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a linear polypeptide chain

polypeptide chains form sheets and coils

• sheets and coils pack into functional domains
• domains: area of protein
• functional domain: area of protein that does its job

• many proteins (not all) consist of 2 or more chains (subunits) to make a functional protein
• weak interatcion hold protein together

• 4 chains to make it work
• hydrogen bonds
• molecule that carries O from lungs throughout body, brings C back to lungs to exhale
• requires iron to function

• protein unfolds and loses its 3D shape
• then loses is function
• caused by shifts in pH or temperature or exposure to salts/detergents
• disrupts H bonds and other molecular interactions responsible for protein shape

• all organisms consist of one or more cells
• the cell is the smallest unit that retains the capacity for life
• a cell arises from the growth and division of another cell
• Robert Hooke coined the word "cell"

• protects and maintains shape of cell
• lets things pass through
• plants and bacteria

• regulates what comes in and out of cell
• maintains volume of cytoplasm
• plants and animals

• contains hereditary material (DNA) and nucleolus with a double lipid bilayer
• plants, animals, bacteria

• inside nucleus
• ribosomes are made
• plants and animals

• in cytoplasm, contains lots of folded membranes where ATP is made
• powerhouse of the cell
• plants, animals, and bacteria

made by cellular respiration (the way food is broken down to make energy)

• also helps maintain shape in cells
• stores waste
• increases the surface area of membrane
• plants

chloroplasts and mitochondria used to be independent cells

• semi-fluid jelly like substance where all organelles are suspended; large % is water
• plants, bacteria, animals

• photosynthesis; containts pigment and membrane, uses solar energy to power the process of making food
• plant

• contains enzymes that breaks down wastes
• digests and recycles
• plants and animals

• proteins are made
• no membrane
• can either be attached to ER or free in cytoplasm
• animals and plants

• ribosomes attached to the wavy structure
• modifies proteins
• plants and animals

• no ribosomes on it
• makes lipids
• plants and animals

• parcks and sorts things
• packs by putting a membrane on it
• plants and animals

• long, whiplike, protein structure - for movement
• bacteria and at times animals

• short proteins that surround cells
• helps identify cells
• bacteria

minimum energy needed to start a reaction

breaks down

builds up

• small cleft in enzymes surface where chemical reactions take place
• microenvironment is more favorable for reaction than the surrounding

• between the substrate and active site
• excluding water from active site (hydrolysis)
• lock and key model

• allosteric affectors
• enzyme binding site other than active site
• alters shape of enzyme to enhance or inhibit function

• chain reaction:
• end product (too much of it) is an inhibitor of the first reaction
• each product serves as a substrate for the next reaction
• controls over enzyme activity adjusts types and amount of substrate in cells

• prevents certain reactions from taking place
• substrate and inhibitor compete for active site

does not bind at active site. binds somewhere else

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• 10% rules - 90% of energy is 'lost' at each step of the food chain

• entropy: tendency towards disorder
• ex. states of matter changes: some require entropy others just occur spontaneously

• how you get energy from food
• glucose + ATP = glucose-6P -> ->->->->-> 36 ATP
• takes place in mitochondria

• energy requiring reactions
• photosynthesis: requires sunlight to make food

• energy releasing reactions
• aerobic respiration: formation of ATP => help with net output of energy

• transferring phosphate groups to and from ATP
• couple metabolic reactions that release usable energy to metabolic reactions

of a substance - number of atoms or molecules in a given volume

• a difference in concentration between two regions
• type of measurement

when a higher concentration decreases to a lower concentration area

• are influences by:
• temperatire (greater = faster diffusion)
• molecular size (bigger = slower)
• gradients of pressure, charge, and concentration

each molecule can moce back and forth freely through the cell membrane

• no energy required
• high to low concentration

• water passes through it; no energy required
• enzyme helper

had a helper

movement of water across a selectively permeable surface, from an area of high water concentration to low or vice versa

• higher solutes outside than inside
• water moves out

• more solutes inside
• water moves in

equal amount of water on both sides of the membrane

• when water sticks to something and climbs up it
• ex. water climbing up a xylem

• close relationship between two organisms
• 3 types:
• commencalism, parasitism, mutualism

one organism benefits, other is unaffected

one organism benefits, other is harmed

both organisms benefit

mechanism of evolution according to Darwin's Theory

the ability to distinguish between two lines

• brings large things into the cell
• active transport

• puts large things out
• also active transport
• 2 types:
• phagocytosis
• pinnocytosis

require energy to move something

bug food, eaten/decomposed (amoeba)

"drinking" things into the cell

• starch = Iodine = black
• simple sugars = Benedict's solution = red, orange, green
• proteins = Biuret = purple
• fats and oils = Sudan III = red particles