CH6_memory

People with astonishing memory abilities

Psychologists define memory as

The first step in memory is____, the process by which information gets into memory storage.

also affects memory encoding.

refers in to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

the number of different connections that are made around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

Physical features are analyzed.

Stimulus is recognized and labeled.

Semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used

The number of different connections made around a stimulus at any given level of encoding

Relating material to your own experience

Theory that memory for pictures is better than memory for words

Why is picture stronger than words for memory?

How information is retained over time & represented in memory

Theory that memory involves 3 separate items

3 items in the theory of memory storage

What holds information from the world for an instant?

Auditory-sensory memory

Visual sensory memory

Limited-capacity memory, usually only 30 seconds

Number of digits an individual can report back in order after a single presentation of them

Grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7-2 memory span into higher-order units

Conscious repetition of information

Atkinson & Shiffrin's term fails to capture

Three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks

In working memory, specialized to briefly store speech-based information

Stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery

Integrates information not only from the phonogical loop & visuospatial working memory but also long-term

Relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

Divisions of long-term memory

Conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts, & information that can be verbally connected

Two subtypes of explicit memory

Retention of information about where, when, what

Person's knowledge about the word

In amnesia, ________ is functioning and __________ isn't

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience

Other word for implicit memory

Type of implicit memory process that involves memory for skills

Type of conditioning involved in implict memory

Activation of information people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

Preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information

Schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and occurences

Theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons

View that memories are not large knowledge structures but like electrical impulses

Researchers have proposed this concept to explain how memory functions at the neuron level.

Frontal lobes/memory

Amygdala/memory

Temporal lobes / memory

Hippocampus/memory

Cerebellum

Nerves in the nose send information about smells to the primary olfactory cortex in the brain, which links directly to the

Thus, smells have a superhighway to the brain structures involved in

The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

better recall for items at the beginning of a list

better recall for items at the end of the list.

In primacy effect, the first few items in the list are easily remembered

In recency effect, the last several items are remembered for different reasons.

Memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information, as on essay tests.

Memory task in which the individual only has to identify (recognize) learned items, as on multiple-choice tests

Principle states that information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same context in which they learned it

A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

The most abstract level of autobiographical memory

Middle level in the hierarchy of autobiographical memory

The most concrete level in autobiographical memory

describing life experiences that go from bad to better

individuals who describe redemptive stories are more

selfdefining memories go from good to bad

Memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

Forgetting when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable

when the information was never entered into long-term memory

Causes of retrieval failure include problems with the

The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later

Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

Theory stating that when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting

A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory.

Remembering information from the past.

Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.

A memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events.

Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.