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the process of using
observations and experiments to draw evidence-based conclusions
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an informal observation that
has not been systematically tested
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a process in which
- independent scientific experts read scientific studies before their
- publication to ensure that the authors have appropriately designed
- and interpreted their study
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a testable and falsifiable
explanation for a scientific observation or question
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a hypothesis is testable if
- it can be supported or rejected by carefully designed experiments or
- non-experimental studies
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describes a hypothesis that
- can be ruled out by data that show that the hypothesis does not
- explain the observation
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a carefully designed test,
the results of which will either support or rule out a hypothesis
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the group in an experiment
that experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation
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the group in an experiment
that experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation
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a fake treatment given to
control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups
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the effect observed when
- members of a control group display a measurable response to a placebo
- because they think that they are receiving a “real” treatment
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the variable, or factor,
being deliberately changed in the experimental group
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the measured result of an
experiment, analyzed in both the experimental and control groups
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the number of experimental
- subjects or the number of times an experiment is repeated. In human
- studies, sample size is the number of subjects
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a measure of confidence that
the results obtained are “real”, rather than due to random chance
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a hypothesis that is
- supported by many years of rigorous testing and thousands of
- experiments
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the stuff of patterns of
disease in populations, including risk factors
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a consistent relationship
between two variables
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randomized clinical trial
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a controlled medical
- experiment in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive either an
- experimental treatment or a standard treatment (or placebo)
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