-
What are the rules for data
tables & graphs – can you identify incorrect things about each if given an
example?
- Tables-must be in
- box shape, title the table, vertical columns, horizontal rows, large and easy
- to read Graphs-use at least ¾ of the graphing space, title the graph,
- Horizontal axis, Vertical Axis
-
What is a hypothesis (as
defined in class)?
- An explanation based
- on observations that is tested with an experiment
-
How is a hypothesis
different from an inference?
- An experiment can be
- tested and an inference cannot
-
What is a scientific
theory?
- An explanation that
- joins related, accepted hypothesis
-
What are independent
variables
- the condition
- controlled/manipulated by the experimenter
-
What are dependent variables,
- The condition that is
- measured/observed
-
What are control groups
- standard for
- comparison; usually represents normal settings
-
What are the expiramental groups and can you identify them in an experiment.
- what you test in the
- experiment and yes I can
-
What are the eight
characteristics of life?
- .Made of cells
- 2.Response to Environment 3.Obstain and Use Energy 4.Growth and Development
- 5.Reproduction 6.Homostasis 7.Universal Genetic Code
-
What does homeostasis mean?
- to maintain a stable
- internal environment
-
What are the six elements
essential to all of life?
- Sulfur, Phosphorus,
- Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen
-
What are the subatomic
particles? Which ones are found in the
nucleus of the atom?
- protons(nucleus),
- neutrons(nucleus), Electrons
-
How many electrons are
found in each energy level (for the first 20 elements)?
2,8,8,2
-
Describe each type of bond:
- ionic, attraction
- between negatively and positively charged ions covalent, when atoms share electrons to fill their energy levels
- and hydrogen, when H in one molecule is attracted
- to a slightly negative atom of another molecule
-
Know the properties of
water
- polarity, cohesion
- and adhesion, universal solvent, and capillary action
-
What is the difference
between a substance that is hydrophilic doesn’t
like water and hydrophobic?
1 no like 2 like
-
What is and acid?
ph below 7
-
what is a base
ph above 7
-
Know the pH scale and where to identify strong
acids 1-3 strong bases, 12-14 weak acids 4-6
and weak bases 8-11 and neutral liquids 7
- 1.
- Know the pH scale and where to identify strong
- acids 1-3 strong bases, 12-14 weak acids 4-6
- and weak bases 8-11 and neutral liquids 7
-
What happens in a
hydrolysis reaction?
-
breaks bonds between monomers by adding a water molecule
-
For carbohydrates
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, know the monomer for each
monosaccharide,amino acid, glycerol and fatty acids,nucleotide
-
What proteins are
considered “biological catalysts” because they speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
-
What is magnification
The ability to increase an objects size
-
What is resolution?
The quality or sharpness of an image
-
What is the formula used to
determine the total magnification on the microscope?
- .
- Power of eyepiece
- times power of objective lens
-
What is a cell?
The smallest, basic, unit of life
-
how are prokaryotes
different from eukaryotes?
E, are more complex than p's
-
What are two types of Eukaryotes
animal, Plant
-
allows only certain
materials to go into and out of the cell
-
What structure does selective permiability describe?
The plasma membrane
-
What molecule makes up the
cell membrane?
Phospholipids
-
How are vacuoles different
in animal and plant cells?
In animal cell there are mulitiple variations
-
What two cell structures
are found only in plant cells?
Choloropasts and the cell wall
-
What internal cell
structure is found in animal cells only?
Centrioles
-
How are cilia and flagella
different
- 1.
- cilia is short and
- hair like but flagellum is long and whip like
-
For each of the following structures, identify its
function
- cell
- wall- rigid layer outside membrane
- centrioles-cylinder
- shaped microtubules
- chloroplast-makes energy by converting sunlight into energy
- cytosol
- – the gel like fluid that suspends organelles
- Golgi
- Apparatus- sorts and packages proteins and
- lipids
- Lysosome
- –vesicles with low pH and digestive enzymes
- Mitochondria-makes energy by breaking down carbs.
- nuclear
- membrane-has pores to allow substances in and out of the cell
- nucleus-controls activities of the cell
- nucleolus-dark region
- of chromatin that makes ribosomes and ribosomal DNA
- ribosomes-makes protiens
- rough
- endoplasmic reticulum-has ribosomes, helps
- modify and transport protiens
- smooth
- endoplasmic reticulum-doesn’t have ribosomes
- and transports lipids
- vacuole-stores water and food
-
active transport
needs ATP and passive doesn’t
-
What is equilibrium?
- having the same
- concentration on both sides of the cell
-
What is diffusion
molecules fall down their concentration gradient
-
What is osmosis
Movement of water across the membrane
-
For each solution, indicate
the direction water will move: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
hyper,inside hypo, outside, isotonic, equal
-
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW TURGOR PRESSURE.
HIGH- too much water in the cell and low is not enough water in the cell.
-
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis
Endo-enter through the vesicles, Exo- exit through the vesicles
-
For the sodium-potassium
pump, what/how many molecules enter the cell & what/how many molecules
leave the cell?
-
What does ATP stand for?
adenine triphosphate.
-
What are the 3 parts of Atp?
adenin, ribose, and three phosphates.
-
DEfine photosynthesis-in what organelle will this take place in?( be able to identify the chemial)
- .
- chloroplasts,6Co2+6H20
- sunlight yields C6H12O6+602
-
What pigment captures sunlight in the cloroplast
chloryphyll
-
Why are plants green?`
chlorpyhll takes in all the colors except green
-
Define cellular respiration
– in what organelle will this mainly take place in? (Be able to identify the
chemical equation!)
-
processes that
- breaks down sugar/glucose to make energy;C6H12O6+6O2
- yields 6Co2+6H2O+ATP
-
What is the difference
between aerobic and anaerobic processes?
-
1.
- aerobic processes
- require oxygen anaerobic doesn’t
-
How many ATP are made in
aerobic respiration? In anaerobic
respiration?
2
-
What type of fermentation
occurs in human muscle cells
lactic acid
-
What type of fermentation
occurs in yeast?
Ethyl Alcholol
-
-
a set of stages that
takes place from the time a cell is made to when it divides
-
What are the two major
phases of the cell cycle? What happens
in each of these phases?
-
interphase-cell
performs normal functions mitosis-cell division
-
What is cytokinesis?
divison of cytoplasm
-
What is apoptosis?
Why would a cell perform
apoptosis?
-
1.
- ? programmed cell
- division because there is a problem with the cell
-
What is a chromosome?
a structured coiled up DNA
-
What is a histone?
the structure that chromosomes wrap around
-
Why do your cells make
chromosomes from chromatin?
To condense the DNA
-
What is a chromatid
one half of a chromosome
-
What is a centromere
The place on a chromosome where the chromatids connect
-
What is a kinetochore
Devolp on either side of the centromere
-
What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells and how many chromosomes are found in each type of cell for humans
Haploid- one set of chromosomes 46 diploid cel-two sets of chromosomes 23
-
Why is mitosis importan
- allows growth and
- development, repairs damaged cells and makes new cells, adult stem cells can be
- used as therapies for medical conditions
-
Why do we make new cells?
Cells die and need to be replaced.
-
What us cytokinesis
Divison of Ctoplasm
-
What is a gamete
Reproduction Cells
-
what are the gametes in humans
sperm and egg cells
-
What terms are used to describe chromosomes that pair up during meiosis?
homologous
-
What is crossing over? When does this happen in meiosis?
- propase 1, The exchange of
- genetic information between non sister chromosomes
-
What is meosis in males called?
Spermatogensis
-
What is meosis called in females?
oogenesis
-
What is made in males in the end of meosis? females?
Sperm, one egg and 2-3 polar bodies.
-
What is fertilization
union of male and femal gametes
-
What is the defference between asexual and sexual reprodutction
sexual needs two parents and asexual only needs on
-
What is a zygote?
a fertilized egg
-
What are the differences are there between animal and plant cells in mitosis
in an animal cell a cleavege furrow is created and in a plant cell a cell plate is made
-
Prophase-
- chromosomes form and
- are now visible, nucleolus and nuclear membrane fades then disappears
-
Metapphase
- kinetochores
- attach to spindle fibers, centromeres and chromosomes line up in the middle of
- the cell
-
Anaphase
- sister
- chromatids split at centromere and move to opposite poles, cell begins to
- stretch, shortest phase in mitosis
-
Telophase
- nuclear envelope and
- nucleolus reform around chromatids, spindle fibers and centrioles disappear
-
Meiosis- prophase 1
- nuclear
- envelope and nucleolus disappear, centrioles and spindle fibers appear,
- chromosomes form and pair up
-
Meiosis metaphase 1
- spindle fibers attach
- to kinetochores, homologous pairs randomly align along the equator
-
Meosis anaphase 1
- homologous pair
- separate into single chromosomes
-
Meosis telophase 1
- centrioles and spindles
- disappear, nuclear membrane reappears, cytokinesis separates two cells
-
Define genetics
- the study of how
- traits are passed on from parent to offspring
-
Define heredity
- the passing of traits
- from parent to offspring
-
Define trait
inherited characteristics
-
Define Gene
unit of heriditary info; codes for 1 trait
-
Define allele
different forms of the same gene/trait
-
Define genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism
-
Define homozygous
alleles that re different
-
Define heterozygous
alleles are similar
-
Phenotype
outward appearance determined by the genotype
-
Who is the father of genetics
ggregory mendell
-
What does the law of segregation say
Each individual has two alleles for each trait, the alleles seperate when forming gametes, each gamete contains only 1 factor, fertilization gives a new individual
-
What does the Law of Independent Assortment say?
Each pair of factors( alleles) for one trait will separate without regard for other traits
-
What is polygenic inheritance? What are some examples of polygenic traits?`
traits are controlled by two or more genes(2 or more pairs of alleles Ex; height
-
What is a multiple allelic trait? what is an example?
- trait
- controlled by three or more alleles Ex: Human Blood type
-
What is codominance? What is an example
- two alleles are
- equally expressed in phenotype Ex: red plus white carnations equals red AND
- white carnations
-
What is incomplete
dominance? What is an example?
- heterozygote genotype
- shows intermediate/blended phenotype Ex: red carnations plus white carnations
- equal pink carnations
-
What are the two types of
chromosomes?
- How many do normal
- humans have of each type? Autosomes (22-25 pairs) and sex chromosomes(two in
- normal human
-
Who determines the sex of the child?
the father
-
Who is more likely to inherit a sex linked condition?
-
Males, because they
only need one copy while females need two
-
What is aneuploidy?
An abnormal number of chromosomes
-
What is the difference
between monosomy and trisomy?
Having only one copy, and having an extra copy.
-
Identify all of the following mutations, Nondisjunction, deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
- Nondisjunction = chromosomes
- fail to separate is meiosis
- b.
- Deletion = when a
- chromosome part is deleted
- c.
- Duplication =when
- there is more than copy of a certain chromosome piece
- d.
- Inversion = when
- chromosome pieces are switched around
- e.
- Translocation = the
- exchange of chromosome parts between non homologous chromosomes
-
What is a pedigree? How do you represent females and males?
- shows pattern of
- inheritance for a condition
-
what is a carrier? and who is never a carrier for sex linked conditions
female, male
-
What is a karyotype?
- display of
- chromosomes arranged by size shape and banding pattern
-
What is genetic
engineering?
Manipulating and transfer of genes
-
What is recombinant DNA?
- DNA that is from two
- or more different sources
-
What is a transgenic
organism?
- an organism with
- recombinant DNA
-
What are some uses for
genetic engineering
- add or remove desired
- genes, ID genetic fingerprints
-
What are some uses for
genetic engineering
- add or remove desired
- genes, ID genetic fingerprints
-
What is the Human Genome
Project? Why is this project a
significant scientific event?
-
determined the
sequence of DNA bases in humans
-
For each of the following gentic conditions give a breif description; Cystic Fibrosis, down syndrome, hemophilia, huntingtons disease, klinefelter syndrome, sickle cell disease, turner syndrome
- Cystic Fibrosis = buildup
- of thick stick mucus in lungs and pancreas cause by recessive gene on chr.17
- b.
- Down Syndrome =mental
- retardation, muscle weakness, heart defects and short stature causes by
- nondisjunction on chr.21
- c.
- Hemophilia = blood
- doesn’t clot cause by recessive X-linked
- d.
- Huntington’s Disease = neurodegenerative
- disorder, appear normal until middle age caused bydominant gene on chr.4
- e.
- Klinefelter syndrome = males
- who may have male + female characteristics cause by nondisjunction extra X chr.
- f.
- Sickle Cell Disease = red
- blood cells are sickle shaped
- g.
- Turner syndrome = females
- with incomplete development caused by nondisjunction missing X chr.
-
What do DNA & RNA stand
for
-
Deoxyribonucleic
acid and Ribonucleic acid
-
What is the importance of
DNA
-
stores information
for development and cell activities
-
What are the three parts of
a nucleotide
-
sugar(deoxyribose),
Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base
-
What are the two categories
of nitrogen bases
-
Purines- adenine and
guanine, Pryimidines-Cytosine, Thymine
-
What were Chargaff’s
experimental findings
-
Within a species, A=T
and G=C
-
What was Rosalind
Franklin’s contribution to the discovery of DNA’s structure?
-
she took the first
picture of DNA
-
Who are the scientists that
are given credit for discovering the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Franscis Crick
-
What is the shape of DNA?
Double Helix
-
What type of bond is found
between sugars and phosphates?
Covalent bonds
-
What type of bond is found
between nitrogen bases
Covalent Bonds
-
How do the nitrogen bases
pair in a DNA molecule?
Hydrogen bond
-
Where does DNA replication
take place in the cell?
Nucleus
-
Why is DNA replication called
a “semi-conservative” process?
-
each strand of DNA
is a template for a new strand to fill in
-
What does the term
“antiparallel” mean for DNA?
-
-
What does the enzyme
helicase do?
-
unwinds and separates
strands of DNA
-
What does the enzyme DNA polymerase
do?
- adds nucleotides
- continuously
-
What does the enzyme DNA
ligase do?
- joins fragments from
- okazaki fragments
-
What are the differences
between RNA & DNA?
-
1. Deoxyribose
- /ribose a,c,g,t/a,c,g,u double stranded helix/ single stranded non
- helix
-
What is the function for each type of RNA: Messenger(mrna) transfer(tRna), ribosomal, rRNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) =copies
- information from DNA, determines amino acid sequence for protein
- b.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) = brings
- amino acids to ribosomes while base pairing to mRNA
- c.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) =makes
- up ribosomes where proteins are made
-
What is transcription?
Where does this take place
- makes RNA form DNA
- segment(nucleus
-
What is a codon?
- three-base sequence
- in messenger RNA that caused the insertion of a particular amino acid into a
- protein, or termination of translation
-
What is translation?
- Where does this take
- place? Where by ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to produce a
- polypeptide with a particular sequence of amino acids
-
What are the general steps
to translation?
-
The RNA transcript
- directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide the cell changes a
- nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence a gene specifies the sequence
- of amino acids in a polypeptide
-
What do proteins consist
of? What types of bonds link these
components together to make a protein?
-
amino acids, peptide
bonds
-
-
mutation- permanent
change in the sequence of bases in DNA
-
Describe the following DNA mutations: Point mutation, Framshift
- Point mutation = involve a single strand of DNA nucleotide and therefore a change in a specific
- codon
- b.
- Frameshift mutation = occur
- mostly because of one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted
-
A given piece of DNA
contains 20% adenine. How much thymine
should be present?
20%
-
A given piece of DNA
contains 10% cytosine. How much adenine
should be present?
40%
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