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Referring to the video about the development of drug resistance in tuberculosis bacteria, is the bacteria analogous to the newt or to the snake?
The Snake
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In the video about cystic fibrosis, what was misshapen?
The protein
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These proteins serve as tunnels through the plasma membrane
Channel
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These proteins attach to the cytoskeleton
Structural
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Chemical messengers, called hormones, would attach to these proteins
Messenger
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These proteins have binding sites that can grab onto specific molecules on one side of the membrane, change shape, and move the molecule across the membrane.
Carrier
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These proteins identify "friend or foe" self or invader
Recognition
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A network of material that is secreted from the cells and forms a complex meshwork outside of cells.
Extra Cellular Matrix
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The biomembrane that separates the internal contents of the cell from its external environment.
Plasma Membrane
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A network of membranes that includes the nuclear membrane (envelope), endoplasmic reticula, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, etc...
Endomembrane System
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Decrease in useful energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Increase in entropy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed (in a closed system)
First Law of Thermodynamics
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The Chemical Bonds in ATP molecules
Potential Energy
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Osmosis is the diffusion across a selectively-permeable membrane of what?
Water
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Define Energy
The Ability or Capacity to do work
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The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy that can not be created or destroyed
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy (chaos, randomness) is increasing
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Law of Conservation of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
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Explains inefficiency
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Gasoline in a gas can
Potential Energy
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A child running
Kinetic Energy
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When the rock is at the top of the cliff it is?
Potential Energy
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When the rock is pushed off the cliff it is?
Kinetic Energy
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The litle tiny push that pushes the rock off the cliff is?
Activation Energy
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Peptides join into aggregations, due to hydrogen bonding
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
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A helix or a pleated sheet may be formed, due to hydrogen bonding
Secondary Structure of Proteins
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Disulfide bridges form between amino acids causing folding of the molecule
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
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The sequence of amino acids, held together by peptide bonds
Primary Structure of Proteins
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State 6 facts about Enzymes:
- - are biological catalysts
- - are usually proteins of some sort
- - are like a complex 3 dimensional puzzle piece that can change shape
- - lower activation energy
- - speed up chemical reactions
- - allow chemical reactions to occur at lower temperatures
- - at the endo of the chemical reaction are unchanged and recycled
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Define Activation Energy:
It is the amount of energy (kinetic) needed to jumpstart a chemical reaction; in a chemical reaction, the energy needed to force the electron shells of the reactants together.
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Define Substrate:
The substance that the enzyme attaches to, the reactant or reactants in the chemical reaction
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Define Active Site:
- The physical region where the enzyme binds substrates
- - the active site of each enzyme is different, like a key to a door
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6CO2+6H2O+energy (sunlight)--->C6H12O6+6O2
Is this equation Endergonic or Exergonic?
Endegongic
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6CO2+6H2O+energy (sunlight)--->C6H12O6+6O2
Which part of this equation is the reactants?
C6H12O6+6O2
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6CO2+6H2O+energy (sunlight)--->C6H12O6+6O2
Which part of the equation are the products?
6CO2+6H2O+energy (sunlight)
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Photosynthesis occurs in which organelle?
The Chloroplast
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Photosystem II and Photosystem I together are the________ and take place in the ________.
Light Dependent
Thylakoids
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The reaction of the Calvin/ C-3 cycle are the _______ and take place in the _______.
Light Independent
Stroma
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What molecule is split apart to make the oxygen that you breathe?
Water
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What atom is fixed in photosynthesis?
Carbon
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The Light-Dependent reactions produce what?
ATP + NADPH + O2
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The Light-Independent reactions produce what?
Glucose
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The equation for Respiration which is Exergonic is _______
6CO2 +6H2O + energy (36 or 38 ATP) <--- C6H12O6+6O2
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How many ATP are produced by the Krebs/ citric acid cycle?
2 ATP
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How many ATP are produced by the ETC?
32 or 34 ATP
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Where does glycoysis occur?
Cytoplasm
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What enters the Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle?
Acetylcoenzyme A
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What enters glycolysis?
Glucose
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Spins rapidly as hydrogen ions pass through it; P is added to ADP
ATP synthase
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Uses NADH, pumps hydrogen ions
Complex I
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The gain of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
Reduction
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Does not pump hydrogen ions
Complex II
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The production of ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport system of the mitochondria; occurs during chemiosmosis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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The energy stored in glucose is released bit-by-bit and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP (phosphorylation) making ______
ATP
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The first step in the metabolism of glucose is anaerobic. This means no ________ is needed.
Oxygen
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Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvate (or pyruvic acid). This is called _______
Glycolysis
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If oxygen is present, more energy is extracted from pyruvate in the "energy plant" or "powerhouse" of the cell, the _______
Mitochondria
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In the matrix of the mitochondrion, pyruvate is broken down to a two-carbon molecue, Acetylcoenzyme A, and _______ (2 molecules altogether) is released. ( you will exhale this.) And 2 NADH.
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
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