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Development is the pattern of change that begins...
- at conception and continues through the human life span
- includes growth and decline
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Sudying helps us prepare for what 3 things?
- Prepares us for children
- gives us insight into ourselves
- gives us knowledge about life as we age
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What are the 8 concepts of life span perspective
L, MDir, MDim, MDisc, P,C, Gmr, bio, socio, ind.
- lifelong
- multidirectional
- multidimentional
- multidisciplinary
- plastic
- contextual
- growth, maintenance, and regulation
- biological socio cultural and individual factors
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3 important sources of contextual influences are:
- normative age-graded influences
- normative history graded influences
- nonnormative life events
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Name some contemporary concerns
- HPESDS
- health and well being
- parenting
- education
- sociocultural contexts
- diversity
- social policy
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Dimensions of sociocultural context include (5)
- CESGA
- culture
- ethnicity
- socioeconomic status
- gender
- age social policy
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Three key developmental processes that influence development are an interplay of:
- BCS
- biological cognitive and socioemotional
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Lifespan is divided into 9 "ages"
- Prenatal
- infancy
- early childhood
- middle and late childhood
- adolescence,
- emerging adulthood
- early adulthood,
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood (young, old and oldest)
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Age can be thought of in terms of these 4 "ages"
- chronologica
- biological
- psychological
- social
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Stability-change focuses on whether we become
different people or just older versions of our early experience
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Stability-change also asks whether which is more important
early or later experiences
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Developmentalists describe development as:
- continuous
- gradual
- cumulative change
- OR
- discontinuous
- abrupt
- a sequence of stages
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Developmentalists recognize that extreme positions on nature-nurture, stability-change, and continuity-discontinuity are:
unwise
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Scientific method 4 main steps
- conceptualize problem
- collect data
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
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According to psychoanalytic theories development:
primarily depends on the unconcious mind and is heavily couched in emotion
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Freud had ____ stages
5 psychosexual
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Erikson had ____ stages
8 psychosocial
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Erikson's stages
- truts-mistrust
- autonomy=shame and doubt
- initiative-guilt
- industry-inferiority
- identity- identity confulsion
- intimacy-isolation
- generativity-stagnation
integrity-despair
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psychoanalytical contributions include
- developmental framework
- family relationships
- uncouscious aspect of the mind
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Criticism of psychoanalytical are
- lack of scientific support
- too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings
- image of people as too negative
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Three main cognitive theories
- Piaget
- vygotsky
- information processing
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Piaget's theory children go through ___ stages which are
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operation
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Bygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory emphasizes how
culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
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the information processing appraoch emphasizes that
- individuals manipulate information,
- monitor it
- and strategize about it
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Contributions of cognitive theories include an emphasis on
the active construction of understanding and developmental changes in thinking
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Criticisms of cognitive theories include
giving too little attention to individual variations and underrating the unconscious aspects of thought
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Two main behavioral and social cognitive theories are
- Skinners operant conditioning
- social cognitive theory
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In Skinners operant conditioning the consequences of beharior produce
changes in the probability of the behaviors' future occurrance
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In social cognitive theory _____ learning
observational learnting is esential to life span development
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Bandura emphasizes the interplay among what 3 factore?
- person/cognition
- behavior
- environment
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Contributions of behavioral and social cognitive theories include
- emphasis on scientific research
- focus on evironment
- recognition of importance of person and cognitive factors
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Criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories includes
- inadequate attention to developmental changes
- too much emphasis on environment
- in Skinner's behaviorism too little attention to cognition
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Ethology stresses that behavior is influenced strongly by
- biology
- tied to evolution
- characterized by critical or sensitive periods
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Contributions of ethological theory include it's focus on
biological and evolutionary basis of development
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Criticisms of ethological theory
inflexibility in concepts of critical and sensitive periods
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Ecological theory emphasized
environmental contexts
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Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems view proposes 5 environmental systers
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Contributions of Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems view
- systemic exam of macro and microdimensions of environmental systems
- consideration of sociohistorical influences
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Criticisms of Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems view are
- inadequate attention to biological factors
- lack of emphasis on cognitive
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Methods for collecting data about life span development are:
- observation (lab or natural)
- survey or interview
- standardized test
- case study
- physiological measures
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3 main research designs are
- descriptive
- correlational
- experimental
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Descriptive research aims to
observe and record behavior
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The goal of correlational research is
to describe the strength of the relationship between 2 or more events or characteristics
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Experimental research involves
conducting and experiment which can determine cause and effect
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2 types of research are
- cross section
- longitudinal
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Researchers' ethical responsibilities include
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- telling purpose and potential personal consequences
- avoiding unnecessary deception
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Researchers need to guard against these biases
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