US History midterm review

period in Earths history with low global temperatures and glaciers covering large areas

were before the Aztecs and had the most advanced writing, calendrical and mathematical systems

The great pyramid in the capital was the center of religious life, Human sacrifices were common and they lived in Mexico

12,000 years ago the climate warmed, mammoths and other mammals were killed by hunters and shifts of climate, and Paleoindians also had the to change their ways of life

The early Indians called Paleoindians crossed the Bering Strait, travelled in small bands, tracking and killing large game for food, agriculture began, maize became the main crop and social changes depended on farming.

early native Americans had no government, chiefs with limited authority, different gods, and men hunted and women gathered and made food.

people of the Long House

sponsored ship builders and map makers, and founded a school of navigation

Caravel was perfected, and square sails were combined with triangular ones

Humans were being used as items of trade

Portuguese conquered a portion of Morroco and established trading posts, the thing that was most valuable was the slaves, Portuguese did not invent the slave trade but they heavily expanded it.

• Europeans search for route to Asia and Africa, and
• countries desire to accumulate wealth through trade

believed he could reach Asia by sailing westward, he first sought support from Portugal but the king warned he wouldn’t make it so he went to their rival Spain. He asked Ferdinand and Isabella to give him their support and they gave it 7 years later, after 33 days Colombus landed in the Bahamas and believed he was in Asia. He turned violent in search of gold and convinced the Spanish monarchs to sell the native islanders for a profit.

explored the South American coast and deemed it a new continent

circled the globe

captured the Aztec empire

The exchange between the old world and the new. Diseases spread to the Native Americans, new livestock was introduced, and agriculture changed

a movement were people protested against the church

when the Spanish crown divided the American empire into two regions each ruled by a king

Children of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry

led expeditions searching for riches, frustrated after searching he massacred villages, and burned towns, after he died he and his men left behind new deadly diseases

• marched from Mexico to the South West, the Pueblo Indians told of riches in the great plains, he crossed to the great plains and finding nothing took bloody
• revenge on the pueblo Indians

• The Spanish hoped to create a defensive zone by occupying Florida to keep Europeans out of Mexico, the French built a base on the coast of Florida
• and Spanish destroyed the base and founded this town

the colony of New Mexico

a water route to Asia through Canada, French explorers were interested in finding this.

in Canada the region around the St. Lawrence river, Cartier explored this.

the river in New France

• Indians eagerly traded fur for metal arrow heads, knives, and iron, the Indians began killing beavers faster then the animals could reproduce and
• instead invaded other indian tribes for fur to trade, this provoked wars between indian groups and killed one another in competition for fur

trading post, first permanent European settlement in Canada

Quebecs founder, traded with Indian tribes, in return they expected him to help them attack their enemies the Iroquois, he and his men battled the Iroquois and won because they had guns

was hoping to find the Northwest Passage, instead he claimed a territory around the Mississippi river for France and called it Louisiana.

near the Mississippi river the French founded this territory which became the colony’s largest town and leading seaport

Sir Walter Raleigh sent men to build a settlement on an Island, they return a year later, Raleigh tries again this time with women and children, After the war the colony was totally deserted.

a business venture founded and run by a group of investors, who were to share in the company’s profits and losses.

tried to start the Roanoke colony

colony in Virginia, was the first permenant settlement

was put in charge of Jamestown at 28 years old.

50 acres to anyone who paid his way to Virginia

the first representative body in colonial America.

Important year, women were sent to Jamestown, 1st Africans arrived, 1st legislature body in America.

the chief of Indians in Jamestown, war broke out between the Indians and colonists, the colonists captured his daughter Pocahontas and he made peace with them.

Powhatans daughter, converted to Christianity and married a colonist named John Rolfe.

·

Jamestown needed a marketable crop to sustain itself and they soon discovered the ability to grow this crop, it made big bucks in England, and company officials restricted it but soon it was everywhere

belonged to the crown·

Virginia became a royal colony·

The English expandedaway from Jamestown to less fertile lands, it cost them more to transport their crops, the governor William Berkley put taxes on the newcomers and rewarded the rich. A revolt started lead by him, him and his followers droveout the governor and burned the town, 1 month later he died of disease andthe rebellion collapsed. As a result the king appointed a new governor andtaxes were lowered and farmers were granted better land.

• Virginia-Jamestown
• Maryland
• NorthCarolina
• SouthCarolina
• Georgia

King Charles I granted 10million acres to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, it was a proprietary colony and was the possession to Lord Baltimore and his heirs, it was intended to be a refugee for Catholics , he planned to divide the land into manors but died before the settlement·

was the sole possessor of Maryland·

belonged to powerful individuals or companies·

• Were established and named after Charles I, the first settlement and capital was Charles Town, it was a proprietary colony owned by the Lord proprietors in England, The colonies rejected this
• control and demanded to be a royal colony , the king appointed governors and elected assemblies·

began as a proprietary colony to protect South Carolina from Spanish Florida, James Oglethorpe led the colony, and it was designed for English debtors. Most of the first colonists were religious refugees or poor English, There were strict rules: no alcohol,no slaves, work your own land and no large plantations. Colonists protested andit became a royal colony·

led the colony of Georgia·

• - Massachussets
• - NewHampshire
• - RhodeIsland
• - Connecticut

• -New York
• -New Jersey
• -Delaware
• -Pennsylvania

Puritans settled in New England for religious freedom·

pilgrims crossed theAtlantic on the Mayflower to find the colony on the shore of Massachusetts Bay·

The puritans followed his teachings, they believed they could prepare Gods saving grace by leading moral lives, praying devoutly, reading the bible, they believed God alone determined who was saved·

the transforming experience when individuals felt grace in their souls and they thought they were saved·

groups who wished to separate from the Anglican church and begin their own churches·

wanted to purify the church of England, they followed John Calvins teachings, believed in conversion, and had values of thrift, diligence and morality·

the first puritan immigrants and founded Plymouth colony·

• the framework for self government of the Plymouth
• colony, was signed on the Mayflower ship by
• the pilgrims·

Puritan merchants received a royal charter for a joint-stock enterprise the Massachusetts Bay Colony, they left for the colony and elected John Winthrop a lawyer as their governor·

• lawyer, very religious and was elected as governor of the
• Massachusetts Bay Colony·

a puritan minister, believed the Puritans had no right to take land by force from the Indians,because of these beliefs he was banned from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, hefounded Rhode Island an purchased it from the Indians, he established religiousfreedom and separation of church and state·

founded by Roger Williams was purchased from the Indians, all male members of the colony could vote,there was religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Actively expressed religious ideas different from puritan views, she followed Rodger Williams to Rhode Island, later she moved to New Netherlands and was killed in an Indian attack.

New England colonists tried, convicted and executed people for being witches In Salem Massachusetts·

• The puritans in Connecticut at first traded with the
• pequots, the Puritans accused the Pequots of killing an English trader, the pequots denied this and the war broke out, it was one of the bloodiest massacres in the United States history·

The pequots were defeated, the treaty gave the English all Pequot lands, it made it so that the Pequots no longer existed·

• Tensions between the Indians and puritans erupted into this war, it was named after a chief named Metacom “King Phillip” who plotted the rebellion , war broke out and Indians who supported the puritans killed Metacom, now New England colonists vastly outnumbered the
• Indians·

The Dutch sent ships across the Atlantic to the Hudson to trade fur with the Indians, they founded a permenant settlement at Fort Orange (Albany), They built Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan island, New Amsterdam ( Now New YorkCity)·

motivate people to leave their home countries·

attract people to a new location·

• a wealthy Quaker who wanted peace with the Indians, he
• bought Pennsylvania from the Indians, gave Pennsylvania political and religious freedom and made the capital Philadelphia·

considered women equal to men,they were pacifists, they sought an inner light to understand the bible and they tolerated other faiths.

became the largest immigrant group, motivated by poverty and easy legal access as part of Britain, they worked as merchants in the tobacco trade and farmed from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas

became the second largest immigrant group, were motivated by war, taxes and religious persecution, they mostly settled in Pennsylvania and farmed, land was cheap it was 6 times larger·

poor immigrants who paid their passage to the colonies by agreeing to work 4 to 7 years·

Africans were taken by force from West African countries to the colonies, colonists used African slaves as a source of labor,slaves were almost treated as indentured servants and then slavery became permanent. Farmers needed a work force to grow crops, Virginia passed a lawdecreeing that any servant not a Christian was to be enslaved, Traders began purchasing slaves from African merchants.

• The trade of goods and slaves was well
• established, manufactured goods were traded for captured Africans, Slave traders carried Africans to the colonies in the middle passage, Enslaved Africans were sold to colonists for raw materials·

The forced transport of enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americans

Slaves worked 12 hours a day 6 days a week, in fields growing crops, they were given limited clothing, food, and lived in huts on plantations, they were supervised by overseers who often whipped those who resisted. They worked as farmhands, sailors, dock workers and house servants·

some slaves rebelled, it was common to run away·

English nobles made King John accept a limitation to his taxation and guaranteed the right to a trial

2 house legislature, composed of the House of Lords, an inherited position, and the House of Commons, elected by men with property

The English overthrew King James II and installed William and Mary who granted the English bill of rights

No one can be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime·

• a document guaranteeing a number of freedoms and
• restating many of the rights in the Magna Carta

Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth merged to form Massachusetts·

• British policy which allowed the colonies virtual self
• rule as long as Great Britain was gaining economically

Parliament enacted a series of trade laws, Goods imported to England could be transported only in English ships, The colonies could export sugar, tobacco, cotton and indigo only to England, All foreign goods shipped to the colonies had to pass through English ports.

economic policy under which a nation accumulated wealth by exporting more goods than it imports·

Enlightenment thinkers began to build off the Scientific revolution and use scientific reasoning to apply to government and politics·

believed that people had natural rights that came from god and not from monarchs·

a religious movement that centered on preachers traveling through the colonies to preached powerful emotion packed sermons, many people left their old established churches, joined the movement and started new churches, they realized if they can select their own religion, they can also select their own government

• Cold winters, short growing season, rugged landscape, strict religious values, small towns and cities, community life, fishing, lumber harvesting, and
• small scale farming, few African Americans, more families, more economic equality and 6 males for every 4 females.

Temperate climate, longer growing season, landscape of fields and valleys, religiously and ethnically very diverse, small towns and cities,community life “bread basket”, preferred by most Europeans.

Warm climate, long growing season, landscape with broad fields andvalleys, few small towns and large cities due to large plantation culture,tobacco, rice and indigo, Enslaved African Americans were majorty of the population, little economic equality, and 4 men for every women.

to ensure that every one could read the bible, schools were required in all New England towns, outside of New England education was less, many homeschooled and wealthy people hired tutors or sent their children to England·

for girls and operated out of womans home·

the French and British began to fight over the Ohio river valley and the great lakes area, the French needed it to connect their territory in Canada along with Mississippi.

Developed into a seven year war, Indians fought alongside the French, At first French were winning, but then British interrupted the shipment of French supplies and started winning battles, Indians left the French to fight on the British side

led a battle against the French·

groups of colonial militiamen helped the British fight the French by serving as scouts and soldiers·

the treaty ended the war andgreatly increased British territory in North America·

The British winning the war was not good for the Indians, British stopped supplies to the Indians, British settlers moved into Indian lands. The Indians attacked British forts and the new British settlement, they tried to weaken the British in any way they could in order to lure the French back. The rebellion resulted in the Proclamation Line·

When the British agreed colonial settlers would remain east of the Appalachian mountains.

Tensions arise between the British and colonists after the French and Indian war·

Ben Franklin drafted the plan, it was to unite the colonies under British rule, unite the colonies in fighting wars foreign and abroad, and create a continental assembly with delegates from each colony. Both the colonists and the British rejected the plan.

• Due process of law, freedom of the press, trial by jury,
• protection from foreign attack , branches, wealth and birth determined power and status, not very democratic, no formal charter outlining citizens rights, only a quarter of males could make vote and parliament claimed virtual representation allowing it to make law for all British subjects

quite democratic, had charters to outline their rights,most males could vote for their assemblies, but none could vote for members of parliament, assemblies controlled governors by withholding their salaries if displeased

argued that government is a social contract with citizens, if colonists didn’t consent to the way they were being treated by the British no government existed, non importation agreements, Rebels tarred and feathered taxcollectors, mobs destroyed governors home and assaulted royal officials, sons of liberty·

“no taxation without representation!”·

called for a boycott of goods from Britain·

1764 assigned customs officers and special courts to collect taxes and prosecute smugglers·

• 1765 required colonists to provide housing and supplies
• for British soldiers·

1765 taxed printed materials, such as newspapers, books and contracts, 1st direct tax in the colonies

1767 with the need for money, Parliament replaced the stamp act with this and taxed glass, lead, paper, paint and tea

1770 colonists hurled snowballs and rocks at British soldiers, the soldiers fired and killed 5 colonists. As a result Adams organized committees of correspondence and the British repealed the Townshend acts but kept the tax on tea·

Adams organized the committee after the Boston Massacre

to anger the British, the colonists drank smuggled tea, this caused money problems for the British East India Company, Parliament passed a law allowing the company to sell directly to the colonists. Tea was now cheaper than smuggled tea even with tax, the colonists felt tricked and 3 Patriots dressed as Indians and dumped tea into the harbor·

Parliament was outraged from the Boston tea party and passed the Coercive acts to punish Boston, colonists called it the Intolerable acts. It closed the port to trade until the destroyed tea was paid for, increased powers of the royal governor, allowed British officials to be tried in Britain instead of thecolonies, and sent war ships to Boston

Delegates from every colony except Georgia met in Philly, they thought to boycott all British imports

thought Americans could unite to defeat the British

militias, began to organize·

organized a provincial congress to run Massachusetts·

The revolution begins, Recoats march towards Concord to seize weapons and ammunition, In Lexington they meet colonial militia, the redcoats killed 8 minutemen, marching on to Concord the British meet hundreds of armed Patriots (tipped off by Paul Revere). As the Redcoats marched back to Boston Patriots killed 200 of them·

met in Philly to take control of the fighting, chose George Washington as commander of the Continental Army, some members wanted to be independent from Britain, many wanted to remain in Britain but not pay taxes. The congress made an attempt at reconciliation with the British, the Olive Branch, which was rejected by the British·

chosen as the commander of the Continental Army·

The second continental congress sent it to Britain, reaffirming allegiance to the king but not Parliament, it was rejected and in response Britain sent more troops

preferred British rule

Those who opposed the British taxes·

well organized, long established government, produced many ships and weapons, troops were well trained and supplied, and they have fought many wars·

• continental congress just starting, the continental congress
• had no money or authority to tax, continental soldiers were cold, hungry, and poorly equipped

British commander at Bunker Hill, to show British invincibility he ordered a frontal assault, the Redcoats took the hill, Howe wanted his troops to win despite giving the Patriots an advantage, they won but suffered heavy casualties

to defeat the continental army on the battlefield, capture the seaports to block trade, and capture the capital, all was achieved but the British still lost the war

• wrote Common sense, to swing popular opinion to favor
• independence·

written by Thomas Paine, it was a source of inspiration, depicted the king as an enemy of liberty, said the government should be elected by the common people, reinforced the idea that all men have natural rights·

• men are born with rights that cannot be taken away by
• the government·

was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence·

congress approved it on July, 4th 1776, it stated all men are equal, it reaffirmed the idea of natural rights, “Giant break upletter”, Organized into 4 sections.

the preamble- stated the reasons for writing the declaration, the second paragraph stated the purpose of government then a long list of grievances by the king, and the final paragraph actually declaring independence

German soldiers who fought for hire·

The British did not take the colonists seriously, the British took uphill, British won but many men were killed, it was led by General Howe for the British·

• The British under Howe captured New York City,
• Washington was forced to retreat across New Jersey, Washington counter attacked a suprise Christmas night raid on the Hessians in Trenton·

At Princeton Washington had another victory against General Cornwallis

Washington’s troops spent the winter here , there was disease, hunger, and a third of the men had no shoes or coats. Baron Von Steuben, a German volunteered to train the men.

general for the British, surrendered at Yorktown.

• General John Burgoyne led the British army to invade
• New York’s Hudson Valley, at Saratoga the British fell in a Patriot trap and Burgoyne surrendered. This victory suggested that America might just win the war.

Cornwallis was trapped on a Northern Virginia Peninsula and surrendered his 8,000 men army to Lafayette and Washington·

• The date that Cornwallis surrendered the British
• army·

After the surrender at Yorktown, it recognized American Independence, and granted generous boundaries to the United States·

After the victoryat Saratoga, France recognized American Independence and entered the war as an Allie to the Americans·

a French volunteer who became a patriot general·

• Settlers moving west of the Appalachians led to conflicts with the Indians, Indians sided with the British and
• attacked colonists, Colonists burned 40 Iroquois villages to break the power ·

the act of freeing someone from slavery.

governments in which the people elect their representatives , patriots disagreed over the republic especially over how much power to give the common people·

• wanted more power for the common people, preferred a
• unicameral legislature, and a large house of representatives with small districts so that the people had more control, and weak state governments with most of their power in the elective legislature·

feared giving power to the common people,wanted a governor with broad powers, a bicameral legislature, an upper house senate made up of wealthy well educated gentlemen who would balance a lowerhouse elected by the common people·

one house legislature·

two house legislature

The first national constitution, created a loose league of states, the 2nd continental congress wrote the articles under John Dickinson, government power was limited, there were more weaknesses then strengths, the congress tried to amend the articles but it seemed impossible and all states got rid of the articles

a conservative, feared too much democracy, favored a balance of aristocracy, monarchy and republicanism, and advocated a powerful centralized government

Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good, favored a system where different interests would check each others powers to ensure liberty, and was called the Father of the Constitution ·

• A strong federal government with power to tax regulate
• commerce and veto state laws, A senate and house of Representatives both based on population, A strong president to command the military and manage foreign relations·
• 
  

James Madison proposed the plan.

An executive by committee rather than one leader, a unicameral legislature, with one vote per state regardless of population, and states retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the Federal government·

William Patterson proposed the Plan·

• two houses in congress, the House of Representatives was based on a states population, the senate had 2
• representatives for each state regardless the population, and power was divided between the federal government and the states·

Roger Sherman proposed the Plan.

• political system in which power is shared between the
• national government and state governments ·

The Northern states had more free people then the South did, so slaves were counted as three fifths of a person to be added to a states population in the House of representatives·

all but three states signed the constitution·

favored the constitution, ·

Opposed the Constitution·

The first 10 amendments of the Constitution, guaranteed freedom, created by James Madison·

Popular sovereignty, Limited Government, Seperation of powers, Federalism, Checks and Balances and Representative government·

Settlers began to move westward, and congress was scared that they may try to leave the union or turn to other European nations, the newly formed congress could not afford to fight a war over these lands·

set up a system to govern territories, it barred slavery, required a republic constitution, ignored the rights of Native Americans, resulted in 5 new states, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin ·

Spain

Portugal

St. Augustine

The federal gov’t did not have the power to tax or regulate commerce.

Patriots and Sam Adams