Bio 100

_________ is the process where fungus covert the energy stored in certain organic molecules to light.

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions is called __________

_________ is an emergent proerty of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell.

A _______ begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

A pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

__________ consume energy to build complicated colecules from simpler ones (also called biosynthetic pathways

Energy is

Energy can be associated with the relative motion of objects, this energy is called

Stored energy is called

Energy that is available for release in a chemical reaction is called

The portion of a system's energy that can perfrom work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system of a cell is called

Based on their freep-energy changes, chemical changes can either be

An ________ proceeds with a net release of free energy

An _________ is one that absorbs free energy frm its surroundings

Exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic reaction by

A cell does 3 main kinds of work:

The pushing of endergonic reaction is known as

The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement is known as

The beating of cilia is an example of

The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken by

The free energy required to phosphorylate ADP comes from

An _______ is a macromolecule that acts as a _________, a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction-the energy required to contort the molecules so the bonds can break is

An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by

The reactant an enzyme acts on is called its

When an enzyme binds to its substrate it forms an

While enzyme and substrate are joined

Where the enzyme molecule binds to the substrate is called the

The substrate is held into place by

An enzymes activity-how efficiently it functions- is effected by

The rate of an enzymatic reaction can increase with

The optimal pH for most enzymes falls in the range of

Nonprotein helper for catalytic activity that may be hound tightly to the enzyme or loosely and reversibly to the substrate are called

If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is more specifically called a

An inhibitor that reduces the productivity of an enzyme by blocking substrates from entering active sites are called

____________________ do not directly compete with the substrate but bind to a different part of the enzyme changing its shape

any case in which a protein function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site. It may result in either inhibition or stimulation of an enzyme's activity

When ATP allosterically inhibits an ezyme in an ATP-generating pathway, the result is

Energy flows into an ecosystem as ________ and ultimately leaves as _______

Catabolic pathways

Catabolic pathways are ______________ that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules.

_________________-- is a partial degredation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen

The most prevavent and efficient catabolic pathway is __________ in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

________________ doesn't use oxygen

When there is an electron transfer in a chemical reaction it is a

In a redox reaction, the loss of electrons from one substance to another is

The addition of electronsto another substance in a chemical reaction is known as

An electron shuttle in a chemical reaction is

Cellular respiration uses an ____________________ to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy releasing steps.

The 3 stages of cellular respiration are

Glycolysis occurs in the ____________________, it begins the degredation process by breaking _________ into two molecules of a compound called __________

Upon entering the _________________ via active transport, pyruvate is converted to a compound called _______________-

The _______________________ takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes or in the ________ of prokaryotes, it completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivitive of pyruvate to carbin dioxide.

When ATP is made by direct trannsfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP by an enzyme it is called

The ________________ is a collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Populating the inner membrane of the mitochondrion are many copies of a protein complex called ______________ the enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP

Two types of fermention are

In alcohol fermention _______________ is converted to ethanol in two steps: the first step releases carbon dioxide and converted to acetaldehyde. In the second step acetaldehyde is reduced by the supply of _______ needed for the continuation of glycolysis

During ________ pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of CO₂

Self-feeders are called

Organisms that live on compounds produced by other organisms are called

Photosynthesis converts

The sites of photosynthesis in plants are

The dense fluid within the chloroplasts is called

The chloroplast splits ___________ into _______________

Photosynthesis involves

Photosynthesis requires energy, therefore it is

The 2 stages of photsynthesis are

Light reactions convert

The Calvin cycle makes

A ____________ is composed of a a protein complex called a ___________ surrounded by a several light-harvesting complexes

Each ____________ consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins

Photosystem I and photosystem II populate the

The Calvin Cycle uses ______ and ___ to convert CO₂ to _______

The Calvin cycle is anabolic it

_______ enters the Calvin Cycle in the from of CO₂ and leaves in the form of ___________

The Calvin Cycle spends _____ as an energy source and consumes ______ as reducing power for adding high energy electrons to make sugar

3 Phases of the Calvin Cycle are

The process by which a signal on a cells surface is converted to a specific cellular resoponse is a series of steps called

both plant cells and animal cells have _______________ that allow molecules to pass between adjacent cells

Two cells in an animal cell may communicate by interaction between molecules on their surfaces this is called

The three stages of cell signalling are

_______________- is the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell

______________ (the second stage of cell signaling) is the binding of the signaling molecule which changes the receptor protein in some way

___________ The third stage of cell signaling where the transduced signal triggers a cpecific cellular ____________

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule is called a

Intracellular receptor proteins are found in either the _______ or the ___ of target cells

A _________________ is a plasma receptor that works with the help of a _________, a protein that binds the energy rich molecule GTP.

___________________ belong to a major class of plasma membrane receptors characgterized by having enzymatic activity.

A _________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups

A ________________ is a type of membrane receptor containing a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape

The binding of a specific signaling molecule to a receptor on the plasma membrane triggers the first step in the chain of molecular interactions called

_______________ and ___________________-- of proteins is a widespread cellular mechanism for regulating protein activity.

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is

Important in the phosphorylation cascade are the _________________, enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process called _________________.

Many signaling pathways also involve small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions called

Binding epinephrine to the plasma membrane of a live cell elevates the cytosolic concentration of a compound called