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external oblique superior attachment
external surfaces of 5th-12th ribs
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external oblique inferior attachment
linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest
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external oblique innervation
thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11 spinal nerves) and subcostal nerve
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external oblique main action
compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk to contralateral side
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internal oblique proximal attachment
thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3rds iliac crest, connective tissue deep to lateral third of inguinal ligament
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internal oblique distal attachment
inferior borders of 10th-12th ribs, linea alba, and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
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internal oblique innervation
anterior(ventral) rami T6-T12 spinal nerves and first lumbar nerve
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internal oblique main action
compresses and supports abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates trunk ipsilaterally
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rectus abdominis inferior attachment
pubic symphysis and pubic crest
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rectus abdominis superior attachment
xiphoid process and 5th-7th costal cartilages
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rectus abdominis innervation
ventral rami of T6-T12 spinal nerves
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rectus abdominis main action
flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses abdominal viscera; stabilizes and controls tilt of pelvis (antilordosis)
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transversus abdominis proximal attachment
internal surfaces of 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and connective tissue deep to lateral third of inguinal ligament
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transversus abdominis distal attachment
linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest, and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
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transversus abdomins innervation
ventral rami T6-T12 spinal nerves and first lumbar nerves
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transversus abdominis main action
compresses and supports abdominal viscera; stabilizes lower back
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iliocostalis proximal attachment
thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae, iliac crest
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iliocostalis distal attachment
angle of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes
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iliocostalis innervation
respective spinal nerves of each region (dorsal rami of spinal nerves)
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iliocostalis main action
extends and laterally bends vertebral column
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longissimus proximal attachment
thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes lumbar and sacral vertebrae, iliac crest
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longissimus distal attachment
between tubercles and angles of ribs, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebra, mastoid process
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longissimus innervation
respective spinal nerves of each region (dorsal rami of spinal nerves)
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longissimus main action
extends and laterally bends vertebral column and head
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spinalis proximal attachment
thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes lumbar and sacral vertebra, iliac crest
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spinalis distal attachment
spinous processes of upper thoracic and midcervical vertebra
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spinalis innervation
respective spinal nerves of each region (dorsal rami of spinal nerves)
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spinalis main action
extends vertebral column
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semispinalis capitis proximal attachment
transverse processes of C7-T6
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semispinalis capitis distal attachment
superior & inferior nuchal lines, spinous processes of cervical and thoracic regions
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semispinalis capitis innervation
respective spinal nerves of each region (dorsal rami of spinal nerves)
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semispinalis capitis main action
extends head and neck, unilaterally contralaterally rotates neck
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splenius capitis proximal attachment
nuchal ligament, spinous process C7-T3
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splenius capitis distal attachment
mastoid process and lateral third of superior nuchal line
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splenius capitis innervation
middle cervicle nerves (dorsal rami of spinal nerves)
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splenius capitis main action
- bilaterally: extends head
- unilaterally: laterally bends (flexes) and rotates head ipsilaterally
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splenius cervicis proximal attachment
spinous process T3-T6
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splenius cervicis distal attachment
transverse process C1- C3
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splenius cervicis innervation
lower cervical nerves (dorsal rami of spinal nerves)
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splenius cervicis main action
- bilaterally: extends neck
- unilaterally: laterally bends (flexes) and rotates neck ipsilaterally
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sternocleidomastoid proximal attachment
- sternal head: manubrium
- clavicular head: superior medial third of clavicle
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sternocleidomastoid distal attachment
mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line
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sternocleidomastoid innervation
spinal root of cranial nerve (spinal accessory nerve CN XI) and C2-C3 spinal nerve (for pain & proprioception)
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sternocleidomastoid main action
- unilaterally: laterally flexes and rotates head contralaterally
- bilaterally: flex neck
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anterior scalene proximal attachment
anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6
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anterior scalene distal attachment
first rib
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anterior scalene innervation
cervical spinal nerves C5-C7
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anterior scalene main action
flexes neck laterally; elevates first rib
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middle scalene proximal attachment
posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7
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middle scalene distal attachment
first rib
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middle scalene innervation
cervical spinal nerves C3-C8
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middle scalene main actoin
flexes neck laterally; elevates first rib
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posterior scalene proximal attachment
posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6
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posterior scalene distal attachment
second rib
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posterior scalene innervation
cervical spinal nerves C6-C8
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posterior scalene main action
flexes neck laterally; elevates second rib
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