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What are the four types of plant tissues?
- dermal
- vascular
- ground
- meristematic
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What does dermal mean?
coverings
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What are the two types of dermal tissues?
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What do epidermis cells do?
- secrete the cuticle (wax) to prevent desication
- protects plant from fungus, viruses, and bacteria
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Where are epidermis cells at?
on the outside of the plant
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Are epidermis living or nonliving?
living
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What dermal tissue is boxlike?
epidermis
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What does cork do?
- replaces epidermis in someolder areas of the plant
- makes insulation for the plant
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Are the cork cells dead or alive?
dead
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What are cork cells filled with?
air
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What plant part has the most cork?
stem
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What are the vegatative organs of a plant?
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What are the two types of vascular tissue?
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What do xylem do?
carry water and minerals
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What are the two types of xylem?
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What plants have vessel xylem?
angiosperms-"hardwood"
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What plants have tracheid xylem?
gymnosperms-"softwood"
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What do phloem do?
carry food
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What are the two types of phloem?
- sieve tubes
- companion cells
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How do companion cells help the sieve tubes?
sieve tubes have no nucleus, but companion cells do
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What type of vascular tissue is dead when functioning?
xylem
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What type of vascular tissue is alive when functioning?
phloem
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What is ground tissue?
fill in tissue
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What are the three types of ground tissue?
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
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Parenchyma
- living
- big thinwalled cells
- store food and water
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Collenchyma
- living
- small with thicker walls
- store and support/strengthen
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Schlerenchyma
- fibers
- dead
- small with very thick walls
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What are the two types of meristematic tissue?
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What are meristematic tissues capable of?
cell division
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Where do all new cells form?
meristematic tissue
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Where are apical meristems?
tips of branches and roots
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What meristematic tissue is involved in primary growth?
apical meristems
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What is primary growth?
- When a plant part lengthens
- ex. tips of branches and roots
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What are the two types of lateral meristems?
- vascular cambium
- cork cambium
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What does cork cambium do?
makes more cork
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What does vascular cambium do?
makes more xylem and phloem
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What is growth in diameter?
secondary growth
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What meristematic tissue is involved in secondary growth?
lateral meristems
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Where are lateral meristems?
rings inside stems and roots
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What are the jobs of roots?
- absorption
- conduction
- anchorage
- storage
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What do roots absorb?
water and minerals
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How do roots absorb water?
osmosis
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How do roots absorb minerals?
active transport (pumps)
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What are the two types of nutrients?
macro and micro nutrients
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macronutrients
- plants need a lot to be healthy
- ex. nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous
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micronutrients
- plants don't need as much of these to stay healthy
- ex. copper, cobalt, iron
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What tissue is involved in absorption?
dermal
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What is conduction and what tissue does it involve?
- carrying water and foor through the plant
- vascular tissue
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What is anchorage?
holds plants in the ground-support
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What is storage?
food produced in leaves and other green parts are stored in the roots
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annual
- 1 growing season-April, May-Sept.,Oct.
- seeds survive for plants next year
- ex. marigolds, zinnias, tomatoes
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biennial
- 2 growing seasons
- only seeds survive after the second season
- ex. carrot
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perennial
- lives many growing seasons-"bulbs"
- ex. daffodils, crocuses, grass, roses, dandelions, crabgrass
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What is a a radicle?
future root
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What is a primary root?
first root out of the seed, secondary comes later
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What are the two types of root systems?
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Where do taproots store food?
primary root
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What root system do dicots have?
taproot
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examples of plants with taproot systems
carrot, horseradish, beets
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What root system do monocots have?
fibrous
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T/F all roots in a fibrous root system are the same size
true
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examples of plants with fibrous root systems
corn, grasses
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What is the maturation region?
fully grown and specialized region of the root tip
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What is the elongation region?
growth is lengthening and specializing
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What are root hairs?
extensions of the epidermal cells that provide surface area for water absorption
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What is a root cap made of?
dead cells
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What are the modified specialized roots?
- adventitious
- aerial
- naustoria
- "knees"
- aromatic
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What are adventitious roots?
they grow from stems and leaves not from other roots
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What are the two types of adventitious roots?
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Example of prop adventitious root
corn
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Example of climbing adventitious root
ivy
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What are aerial roots?
live in the tropical rainforeset because there is high humidity.
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Example of aerial stem?root?
orchids
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What are naustoria?
roots on parasitic plants
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Example of naustoria?
mistletoe
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What are "knees"?
roots in swamps that allow the roots to get air
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Where are "knees"?
swamps, ex. Everglades
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Example of knees?
bald cypress trees
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What are aromatic roots?
roots we use as spices
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Example of aromatic roots?
horseradish, sassafras
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What are the four jobs of stems?
- support and display leaves
- transport food and water
- store food
- photosynthesize
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T/F size of the pith in a woody dicot stem never changes.
true
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What is an example of an herbaceous monocot stem?
corn
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What is an example of an herbaceous dicot stem?
sunflower, tomato
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What is pith made of?
parenchyma
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What is always towards the outside, xylem or phloem?
phloem
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What is the epidermis for?
protection
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What are the sclerenchyma layers for?
support, they are nonliving
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What are characteristics of woody stems?
inflexible, not green (brown/white), ex. bushes
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What are characteristics of herbaceous stems?
green, flexible, ex. corn
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What are fibers for?
support
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What are the differences b/w monocot and dicot stems?
- dicots have vascular cambium
- dicot has cortex and pith, monocot just has pith
- in dicot the fibrovascular bundles are in a ring, monocot ones are scattered
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What is the vascular cambium for?
- makes more xylem and phloem
- secondary growth
- grows in diameter
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What is the cortex made of?
parenchyma
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What is bark made of?
phloem
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What is wood made of?
xylem
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What is an annual ring?
Layer of spring and summer wood
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What does the cork cambium do?
makes cork-meristematic tissue
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What is girdling?
removing the bark around a tree in a ring
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Who girdled trees?
the pioneers
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Why did girdling kill trees?
it removes the phloem
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What are wood/pith rays?
- "spokes" from pith to cortex
- allows for sideways movement
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Where is the oldest xylem?
next to the pith
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What is heartwood?
- non-functioning xylem with clogged tubes
- becomes storage area
- darkens in color
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What is sapwood?
- functioning xylem
- lighter in color
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What is the terminal bud for?
primary stem growth
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What are bud scales for?
protection in the winter
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What represents one year of growth on a stem?
distance from one bud scale scar to another
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What does an auxiliary bud have?
embryonic leaves
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What is a leaf scar?
where leaves previously were
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What is a bud scale scar?
where bud scales were
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What are lenticels?
holes in stem for gas exchange
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What can leaf scars be used for?
used to ID plants through their leaf arrangements
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T/F embryonic flowers can be on a stem too
true
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What part of the root is are the bud scales like?
root cap
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What plant hormone reforms bud scales?
ABA
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What are the three types of leaf arrangements?
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alternate leaf arrangement
one leaf per node
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opposite leaf arrangement
two leaves per node
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whorled leaf arrangement
three or more leaves per node
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What are the three branching possibilities
- columnar
- deliquescent
- excurrent
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columnar branching
- ex. palm
- due to apical dominance
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deliquescent branching
ex. deciduous
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What are the types of modified stems?
-
tuber
- underground stem
- the tuber stores food
- ex. potato
- "eyes" are nodes
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corms
- underground stems
- ex. crocuses, gladiolas, perennials
- makes food for the stems
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bulbs
- underground stems
- ex. onions, tulips, lilies
- most are not perennials
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What is the "paper" on an onion?
underground leaves
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What is the new theory for water transportation called?
transpiration-cohesion theory
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What did the old theory on water transportation say?
- water goes into roots then is pushed up by the stem
- gravity is a force
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Why was the old theory on water transportation discarded?
they found out gravity is stronger than root pressure
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transpiration
water evaporation from leaves
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cohesion
- like molecules sticking together
- b/w water molecules
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adhesion
- unlike molecules sticking together
- b/w water and vessel (xylem) walls
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capillarity
the rising of water in narrow tubes
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What forces allow water to go to the top of the tree?
capillarity, adhesion, cohesion, transpiration
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What does transpiration do for the plant?
keeps the leaves cool so photosynthesis can occur
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trans-location
occurs in phloem-sieve tubes
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source
where food enters the sieve tubes by active transport
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sink
where food leaves the sieve tubes for respiration or storage by diffusion
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What is plant food?
- 10-25% sucrose in water
- "sugar water"
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In the summer and autumn what is the source?
leaves
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In the summer and autumn what is the sink?
- roots and stem
- used for respiration or storage
- if storage sucrose turns into starch
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In the fall what is the sink?
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In the fall what is the source?
- roots and stem
- starch turns back into sucrose and moves up the tree til leaves grow
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What to aphids do?
- use plant juices as food
- leave their nose in plant
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T/F inner wall of a guard cell is thicker than the outer wall
true
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what happens when the stoma is closed?
water moves out
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What happens when the stoma is open?
- water moves in
- the outer wall bulges more and opens the stoma
- when water moves in it gains turgor pressure
- transports potassium by active transport
- water and potassium leak out
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What are the type of modified leaves?
- asexual reproduction
- tendrils
- spines
- insectivorous
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asexual reproduction
- Bryophyllum
- makes baby leaves
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tendrils
- mod. for climbing
- ex. peas, grapevines
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spines
- start out green, turn brown
- mod. for protection
- ex. roses, cactus
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insectivorous
- eats insects
- live in swamps/bogs
- eat bugs for protein because they live in N deficient soil
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3 kinds of insectivorous plants
- venus flytrap
- sundew-has hairs with "dew"-glue
- pitcher plants-hairs that trap
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