LS 3 Lecture 2

The entire DNA sequence required to encode a functional polypeptide (protein) or RNA

An old name for gene

A DNA sequence that looks like a gene but is not transribed

• - the DNA sequence that determines transcription (RNA synthesis) initiation
• - always at the 5' end of the transcribed region

Sequences that are not promoters but can also regulate transcription

The sequence that is actually transcribed into RNA

• - The sequence that terminates transcription
• - it always occurs at the 3' end

• Poly (prokaryotic genes): one promoter directs the synthesis of a mRNA that can encode more than one protein
• Mono (eukaryotic genes): ...only one protein

Introns are non-coding sequences that are transcribed into RNA, but never translated into a protein. Exons are eventually translated.

The 2' hydroxyl group makes RNA unstable in alkali because it can attack the phosphodiester bonds of the RNA chain and break it (hydrolysis) into nucleotide monomers

• "message RNA"
• - template for protein translation
• - usually a linear structure

• "transfer RNA"
• - brings amino acids for the translation reaction
• - has a unique clover-leaf structure

• "ribosomal RNA"
• - RNA molecules found in ribosomes, which are the protein synthesis apparatus

A cap at the 5' end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end

It is a covalent peptide bond

Stable, but can be broken by acid hydrolysis or proteolysis

• - amino group
• - carboxyl group
• - side chain (R)

Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr), Tryptophan (Trp)

Lysine (Lys), Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), Aspartate (Asp), Glutamate (Glu), Serine (Ser), Asparagine (Asn), Threonine (Thr), Glutamine (Gln)

• Cysteine (Cys)
• Glycine (Gly)
• Proline (Pro)

• Degrades proteins
• adds phosphate to a protein
• removes phosphate

• Synthesize RNA
• DNas and RNase

• Affinity - binding strength
• specificity - binding preference
• velocity - speed of reactions

Antibody-inducing agents

The region of an antigen recognized by the antibody

The region of an antibody that binds to an antigen

• - bringing two substrates together at the right orientation
• -changing +/- charges of the substrate
• -inducing tensions in chemical bonds of the substrate molecule

The flow of genetic information is always from DNA to RNA

RNA polymerase

RNA is synthesized

• - mRNA
• - tRNA
• - ribosome

DNA replication results in a newly synthesized dsDNA that contains one parental strand and one new strand

DNA polymerase

• - Nonesense (change of amino acid codon to the stop codon)
• - Missense (change from one amino acid to another)
• - Silent (change to a different codon for the same amino acid)

- person inherits two mutant alleles, resulting in a mutant HbS protein that cause their erythrocytes to change shape, which results in anemia

• - they are sickle-shaped and rigid
• - they only last about 10-20 days instead of 4 months

A point mutation in the beta-globin gene causes the glutamate codon GAG to change into the valine codon GUG