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Structure of prokaryotic DNA?
one supercoiled circular chromosome found in nucleiod
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4 major differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
- -Eukaryotes are larger
- -Eukaryotes have chromosomes in nucleus
- -eukaryotes have lots of internal membrance
- -eukaryotes have a diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton
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Euakryote nucleus is surrounded by?
nuclear envelope
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ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs in?
nucleolus
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Where are ribosomes found
cytosol - fluid part of cytoplasm
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ribosomes are composed of?
RNA and protein
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Rough ER function
Protein synthesis
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Rough ER structure
membrane bound tubes and sacks
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function of peroxisomes
oxidation
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function of lysosomes
storage or waste processing
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What 3 processes deliver materials to the lysosome
- -phagocytosis
- -autophagy
- -receptor-mediated endocytosis
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pinocytosis
brings fluid into the cell
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function of mitochondria
cellular respiration
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structure of mitochondria
- -2 membranes
- -inner membrane has cristae
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solution in cristae of mitochondial inner membrane
mitochindrial matrix
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Chloroplasts structure
membrane bound vesicles called thylakoids
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chloroplasts function
photosyntesis
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solution outside thylakoids
stroms
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nuclear pores
openings within nuclear envelope
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how many membranes does the nuclear envelope have
2 membranes consisting of a lipid bi-layer each
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what kind of signal do proteins going to the nucleus have?
17-amino acid long NLS
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Secretory pathway
- -protein enters Rough ER, It's synthesized by ribosomes
- -Protein exits rough ER, Goes ot CIS face of Golgi
- -protein enters Golgi and is processed as it moves to TRANS face
- -protein exits Golgi at trans face and goes to destination
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Signal Hypothesis
- -proteins going to endomembrance system have a 20-amino acid long ER sequence
- -ER signal sequence binds to signal recognition particle
- -SRP then binds to recepter in ER membrance
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how are proteins transferred to and from Golgi?
vesicles
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cytoskeleton structure
network of fibers
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cytoskelton function
- -provide structure
- -provide movement
- -transport materials
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3 cytoskeletal elements
- -actin filaments
- -intermediate filaments
- -microtubules
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smalles cytoskeletal elements
actin filaments a.k.a microfilaments
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what polymerizes to form actin filament
actin molecule
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where are actin filaments found
grouped into long bundles or dense networks, found just inside plasma membrane
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function of actin filaments
- -help define shape
- -interact with myosin to cause movement
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actin-myosin interaction cause what?
- -cell crawling
- -cytokinesis
- -cytoplasmic streaming
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function if intermediate filaments?
structural support
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Microtubule function
- -provide stability
- -provide movement
- -provide structural framework for organelles
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Microtubule structure
large, hallow tubes made of tubulin dimers
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where do microtubules originate
Microtubule organization center
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microtubule organization center in animals
centrosome
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vesicle transport?
- -transport vesicles moving throughout cell on microtubule tracks
- -energy dependant
- -requires ATP and Kinesin
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What is Kinesin
motor protein that converts chemical energy from ATP to mechanical work
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What are flagella
long, hair like projections from cells involved in movement
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bacterial flagella are made of?
flagellin
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euakaryote flagella are made of?
microtubules
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cell wall function
gives shape and counters turgor pressure
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extracellular matrix function
structural support for cell, helps them stick together
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collagen
most commin ECM fiber, is flexible
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signal tranduction pathway
- -protein binds to receptor at cell surface
- -signal is transduced by G protein
- -G protein changes GDP to GTP and becomes active
- -G protein splits in 2, i part attached to the enzyme
- -enzyme amplifies by catalyzing secondary messengers
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phosphorylation cascade
activated receptors activate enzymes which activate other enzymes and so on.
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