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tville01
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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During the contraction of the ventricles, which valves attached to the skeleton of the heart close and which open?
- During ventricular contraction, the atrioventricular valves close
- semilunar valves open.
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The tricuspid valve prevents a back flow of blood into the right atrium.
A)True
B)False
A)True
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Since atria always receive blood, the vessels attached to them are all termed ________
veins
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The average blood pressure in an artery is the _____.
A)systolic
B)120/80 mmHg
C)diastolic
D)mean arterial
D)mean arterial (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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An ectopic pacemaker causes the arrhythmia called a _____.
A)fibrillation
B)bradycardia event
C)premature beat
D)flutter
C)premature beat (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents back flow of blood into the _____.
A)left atrium
B)right atrium
C)left ventricle
D)right ventricle
D)right ventricle (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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The superior vena cava enters the _____ of the heart.
A)right ventricle
B)left ventricle
C)right atrium
D)left atrium
C)right atrium (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Where is the heart specifically located?
A)pleural cavity
B)mediastinum
C)ventral cavity
D)thoracic cavity
B)mediastinum (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Four chambered, hollow, muscular organ that is cone shaped
Heart
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What is the average size of a heart?
14cm long and 9 cm wide
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What borders the heart laterally, posteriorly, and anteriorly?
- lateral= lungs
- posterier- spinal column
- anterior- sternum
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Where is the base of the heart? What blood vessels emerge from the base of the heart?
- the broader portion, posterosuperiorly
- Aorta and pulmonary trunk
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What is the Apex of the heart? What is it largely made up of and where can it be located?
- Distal pointed portion (Apex)
- made up of the left ventricle at the 5th intercostal space
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Name the coverings of the heart in order from proximal to distal.
Heart, visceral pericardium(epicardium), parietal paricardium, fibrous pericardium.
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What is the outer of heart covering called? What is it's function?
- fibrous pericardium
- anchors the heart to the mediastinum, also know as a loose fitting sack
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Which heart covering is also known as visceral pericardium?
epicardium
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What is fibrous pericardium composed of ?
Thick, white fibrous CT
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What are the visceral and parietal pericardium composed of?
serous membrane that consist of CT covered by epithelium
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What is the delicate inner layer sac that covers the heart called?
epicardium
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When the visceral pericardium folds over what covering of the heart is formed? What does the new layer become?
- parietal pericardium
- The parietal pericardium becomes the inner linning of the fibrous pericardium
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Where is the pericardial cavity located? What is it's function?
- between the visceral and parietal pericardium
- it moistins the opposing surfaces and help movement of the heart in the pericardial sac as it (heart) contracts and pumps
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What fluid is located in the pericardial cavity and how much is there?
- pericardial fluid
- 25-35 ml
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
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Which 2 layers of the heart wall have blood and lymph cappillaries and nerve fibers?
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What is the function of the epicardium?
protective outer covering of the heart
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What constitutes the great masses of the heart?
myocardium
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What does the myocardium consist of?
cardiac muscle that forms a complex network
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What is the function of the myocardium?
contracts and pumps the blood out of the heart
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What is the inner lining of the heart?
endocardium
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What does endocardium consist of ?
epithelium and CT
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What layer of the heart contains purkinje fibers that are involved with the conduction system of the heart?
endocardium
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What are purkinje fibers?
specilized cardiac muscle fibers that are involved in the conduction system of the heart
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What does endocardium line?
heart chambers, valves, and the great blood vessels that enter and leave the heart
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What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
arteries
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What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
veins
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What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
artia(singular= atrium)
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What is the function of the atria?
they serve as resivoirs between contractions
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Where do the atria recieve blood from?
veins
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What part of the heart has thin muscular walls but is highly expandable?
atria
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What are auricles?
earlike, expandable portions of the atria
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What seperates the right and left atria?
interatrial septum
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What are the lower portions of the heart called?
ventricles
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What is the function of the ventricles?
pumps blood out of the heart and into the arteries
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What sperarates the right and left ventricle?
interventricular septum
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What is the opening between an atrium and it's ventricle?
artioventricular orifice
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What guards each orifice?
an AV valve(artioventricular valve)
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What are the 2 AV valves? Where are they located?
- tricuspid valve, between the right atrium and right ventricle
- bicuspid valve, between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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What is a cusp?
flaps of fibrous tissue (covered with endothelium), that make up the AV valve and project from the heart wall into the opening btwn the atrium and ventricle
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Strong, fibrous strings that attach to cusps on the ventricular side?
Chordae tendineae
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Muscles that extend inward from the ventricular wall and attach to chorade tendineae
papillary muscles
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What is the function of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae?
to prevent cusps from swinging into the atria when the AV valve closes
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What veins supply the right atria with blood?
- Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
- Coronary sinus
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What guards the right atriventricular orifice?
tricuspid valve
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What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
- allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
- prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle to the right atrium
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What happens to the tricuspid valve when the blood pressure in greater in the right atrium?
It passivly folds out of the way for blood to move to the right ventricle
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Where does the right ventricle pump the blood to?
pulmonary trunk which divides into left and right pulmonary arteries
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What guards the base of the pulmonary trunk? How many cusps does it contain?
- The pulmonary (semilunar) valve
- 3 cusps
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What is the position of the pulmonary valve when the right ventricle contracts?
open
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What causes the pulmonary valve to close?
When the ventricular wall relaxes the blood backs up in the pulmonary trunk causing the pulmonary valve to close
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Which ventricle has thinner muscle?
the right ventricle
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What does a thinner muscular wall create? Why is that necessary?
lower pressure to move the blood a shorter distance to the lungs(pulmonary circuit)
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Where does the left atrium recieve blood from?
four pulmonary veins, 2 from the right lung, 2 from the left lung
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What guards the left atrioventricular orifice?
The bicuspid valve aka mitral valve
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What is the function of the bicuspid valve?
to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the left ventricle
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Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
the Aorta
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What guards the aorta? How many cusps does it contain?
- th aortic semilunar valve
- 3
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What is the pulminary circuit?
thin walls in the right ventricle, lower pressure, delivers blood short distance to the lungs
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What is the fuction of the aortic valve?
to prevent blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during muscle relaxation
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What is the systemic circuit?
thicker muscluar walls of the left ventricle contract with greater force, increasing pressure to ditribute blood throughout the body(systemic circuit)
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What does the skeleton of the heart consist of ?
- dense fibrous CT rings that enclose the
- pulmonary trunk, aorta, and atrioventricular orifices
- also cosists of the interventricular septum
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What are the 3 functions of the skeleton of the heart?
- attachment for heart valves
- prevents outlets of the heart chambers from dilating excessively during contraction
- physically isolates the atrial and ventricual muscular cells
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Where does Deoxygenated blood enter the heart and from where?
the right side of the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
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What happens as the right atrium contracts?
blood gets forces through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
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What happens to the tricuspid valve as the right ventricle contracts?
it closes
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After the tricuspid valve closes where does the blood go?End at the lungs
through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary trunk, which then divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs
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Where does gas exchange take place?
between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the alevoli(lungs)
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What gets removed once the blood is oxygenated in the lungs?
some of the carbon dioxide
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Where does the blood go once it has been oxygenated? go through steps to aorta
returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins, enters the left atrium. as the left atrium contracts blood flows through the mitral vavle to left ventricle, which contracts, sends blood through aortic valve to aorta
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What happens to blood after it has reached the aorta? end at right atrium
aorta branches off, blood enters the systemic circuit to deliver oxigenated blood to all cells, body uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, the deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium
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The cardiac control center of the ________ coordiantes the innervation of the heart
medulla oblongata
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The ______ acts to receive from all the veins of the heart
coronary sinus
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The point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed
AV node
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The blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during
ventricular systole
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The hepatic portal system is an unusual vein in that it is transporting
nutrient rich blood
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If excessive fluid retention increases blood volume, blood pressure is likely to
increase
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The first branches which come off the aorta are the right and left _______ arteries
coronary
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During ________, the atrioventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open
ventricular systole
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The _______ is also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart
S-A node
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The _____ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart
purkinje fibers
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What event causes the normal heart sounds?
closing of the valves
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What is the sequance of veins returning blood from the stomach?
gastric--, hepatic portal--, liver--, hepatic--, inferior vena cava--, right atrium
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What does the p wave of an ECG represent?
atrial depolorization
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The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed
stroke volume
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The ____ acts to slow action potentials, while the _____ transmits these signals very quickly
A-V nodes; purkinje fibers
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Which valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?
bicuspid atrioventricular
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The specilized area of the myocardium that acts to anchor the chordae tendineae is the
papillary muscle
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The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart is called
EKG
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Which tunic of the artert contains endothelium?
tunica intera
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The _____ rhythmically forms impulses initating each heartbeat and transmits these impulses to the
S-A Node. A-V node
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