Mid-Term 2

When minerals react w/ air & water to form new minerals

measure of a substance tendency to retain its chemical identity rather than reacting spontaneously to become a different chemical

fractured large rock into smaller pieces which are more easily transported & eroded

compass direction of a rock as it intersects with a horizontal surface

measured at right angles to the strike, is the amount of tilting angle at which the bed inclines from the horizontal

represents the rock formation exposed at earths surface

layered rocks - rarely stay horizontal

downfold into trought

2 sides of a fold

synclinal structure, bowl shaped depression of rock layers that beds dip radially toward central point

anticlinal structure, broad circular or oval bulge of rock layers

amount of water vapor in air, relative to saturation of air

areas of low rainfall on downwind slopes

tensional, compressive, shearing

in brittle crust, produce normal faulting my split apart, causing a rift valley

when 2 plates collide, crust can be compressed across a wide zone. fold & thrust belt

long transform in faults are rarely straight. faults have bends & jogs -> change tectonic forces. cause secondary faulting & folding

infiltration of water into any subsurface formation, often from the surface by rain/melthing snow

fossils can help to order relative ages of sedimentary rock

layers of sedimentary rocks in outcrop contain fossils in a defininte sequence. the same sequence can be found at other location

mass of water stored under earths surface

% of rock, soil or sedminets total volume that is taken up by pores

bed that store & transmit groundwater in sufficient quantity to supply wells

level at which the pores contain some air and are not completely filled with water

boundary between 2 zones

level at which the pored of the soil or rock are completely filled with water

each place that stores water

cyclical movement of water from ocean -> atmosphere by evaporation -> surface by rain -> streams by runoff & groundwater -> ocean

periods of months/years when precipitation is lower than normal

• 1. size of crystals
• 2. nature of foliation
• 3. depree that minerals are segregated in color bands
• 4. metamorphic grade

sediments are deposited under influence of gravity as nearly horizontal beds. if we find folded/faulted the strata layers were deformed by tectonic forces after sediment deposit

each sediment layer of undisturbed sequence is younger than one beneath it & older than one above

sediment/rocks suspended in stream

barrier between saturated & unsaturated water

general process that breaks rocks into fragments by combination of physical fracturing & chemical decomposition

sinking of oceanic plate under overriding plate at ca convergent plate boundary. overriding plate maybe oceanic or continental

very rapid movement in which newly detached individual block of rock plummet suddenly in free fall from a cliff or steep mountain side

an intermittent jumping motion or sand or fine sediment alon a steam bed in which grain are suck up into the flow by turbulent eddies move with the current for a short distance & then fall back to the bottom

a fold whose axis is not horizontal but dip

fine particles settle to bottom & heavy at top. occurs in slow moving water

heavy particles at bottom & small at top. occurs in fast moving bodies of water

a current that flows parallel to the shoreline, the summed longshore components of water motion of waves that break. obliquely with respect to the shore

formation of parallel layer of sediment as particles settle to the bottom of the sea, a river or a land surface

the groundwater table in a shallow upper surface of an aquifier that is perched above & separated from the main body of groundwater by aquilude

total of all the small movement of the ice crystals that make up a glacier, resulting in a large movement of ice

time required for half of the original number of radioactive atoms in an element to decay

one of major geological processes in rock cycle, shapes earths surface/alters rock materials, converting all kinds of rock into sediment -> soil

• 1. properties of parent rock
• 2. climate
• 3. presence/absence of soil
• 4. length of time rocks are exposed to atmosphere

all the processes by which masses of rock & soil move downhill under the influence of gravity

set of processes that loosen soil & rock & move them downhill/strem where they are depisted as sedimentary layers.

rain, wind, ice & snow

erosion & mass wasting

basic source of deformation information where bedrock that underlies surface is exposed

orientation of layers

strike & dip

regional, contact, seafloor, shock

caused by high pressures & temperatures that extend over large regions

changes in minerology & texture of rock resulting from the heat & pressure in small area

associated with mid ocean ridges in which changes in chemical composition produced by fluid transport

occurs when minerals are subject to high pressure & temperature of shock waves when meteor collides with earth

history of changes in conditions of pressure & temperature

• 1. internal heat of earth
• 2. pressure
• 3. fluid composition

heat effects chemical composition, minerology, & texture.

increase of temperature with increasing depth

confining & directed

general force applied equally in all directions

force exerted in a part direction pressure, like temp increases with depth

metasomatism

change in a rocks bulk chemical composition by fluid transport of chemical components into or out of rock

Reverse thrust fault

Plunging fold

Left lateral strike slip

Horizontal fold

Normal Faulting

overturned folds

oblique slip fault

asymmetrical folds

normal faults w/ hih dip angles in upper crust, flatten w/ depth

compression on continental crust on thrust faults with low dip angle

shearing continental crust on nearly vertical strike-slip fault

plunging anticline, plunging syncline

right lateral strike slip

symmetrical folds