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What is an antibiotic spectrum?
The range of microorganisms an antibiotic is effective against.
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Why do pts become resistant to antibiotics?
Because antibiotics are overused and pts do not take the full course of tx
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What infections are acquired while in the hospital?
Nosocomial infections
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What labs will need to be monitored if a medication is excreted by the kidneys?
BUN, creatinine
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What labs will need to be monitored if a medication is excreted by the liver?
LFT, billirubin
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If a pt has a sensitivity to Glipizide3, what else would they be allergic to?
Sulfanomide
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What are 1st generation cephalasporins used to tx?
Strep, staph & some organisms of the urinary tract
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What are 2nd generation cephalasporins used to tx?
Sames as 1st plus H. influenza of the middle ear & resp tract
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What are 3rd generation cephalasporins used to tx?
Gam-neg invaders of gastrointestinal & urinary tracts and infections that don�t resp to others
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What are 4th generation cephalasporins used to tx?
UTIs, pyelonephritis, infections of skin, soft tissue, & abdomen
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What drug is classed as a 4th generation cephalosporin?
Cefepime (Maxipime)
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When is a tetracycline used?
In PCN sensitive pts
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What is tetracycline used to tx?
respiratory & soft tissue infections and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Who should not take tetracyclines?
Children or pregnant women
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What are quinolones used to tx?
Resp, urinary, gastro, and some STDs; also for infections resistant to older antibiotics
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Who shouldn�t take quinolones?
Pts with renal impairment, digoxin, or anticoagulants
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When are erythromycins used?
In pcn-resistant pts
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What are erythromycins used to tx?
Strep, staph, & bacilli
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What is thrush?
Superinfection/yeast infection
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When does thrush occur?
When the good bacteria has been drained out of the body by antibiotics
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What medication is used to tx thrush?
Mycostatin-swish & spit
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How are fungi different, structurally, from bacteria or viruses?
They contain no chlorophyll or vascular tissue
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What are the different types of fungal infections?
Athletes foot, fungal rashes of the skin, thrush, yeast infections
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What is Interferon Alfa-2b used to treat?
Hepatitis B,C,D & west nile virus
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What is lamivudine used to tx?
Hepatitis B and AIDS
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What is varicella zoster?
Shingles
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What causes varicella zoster?
Chicken pox herpes virus
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What drugs are used to tx varicella zoster?
Acyclovir, lidocaine patch
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What medications are used to treat herpes?
Acyclovir
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Who is susceptible to contacting herpes?
Pts who are immunocompromised, the elderly and children
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What is a viral load?
The number of viral copes per microliter
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How is a viral load measured?
In units
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How is HIV detected?
Viral load & CD4 cell count
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What four categories are used to tx HIV?
NRTIs, NNRTIs, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors
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What drugs are used to treat herpes?
Valacyclovir
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How are meds used to treat HIV/Aids?
In combination to block the virus at several points
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How is HIV defined?
As a virus that converts genetic info backward
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What are some common places parasites can be found?
Nursing homes, schools, daycare, book bags, coats
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What are the various types of lice?
Head, body, pubic, scabies
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What are some common meds used to treat lice?
Lindane (kwell)
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What precautions are used to tx a pt with lice?
Protection from head to toe
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How is scabies spread?
By shaking hands
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What are the side effects of antibiotics?
Allergic reaction, superinfection, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
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What was the first antibiotic used?
Penicillin
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What are sulfonamides used to treat?
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn�s, UTIs, middle ear infections
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Why do pts on sulfonamides need adequate fluid intake?
The chances of crystallization in the urine will be minimized
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Who should not take sulfonamides?
Pts on anticoagulants, digoxin, or phenytoin, pts with diabetes
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What meds are used to tx anaphylaxis?
Epi & steroids to dilate airways
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What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
Vasodilatation, low bp & temp, decrease in circulation blood volume & cardiac abnormalities, constriction of the throat
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What are the common side effects of antihistamines?
Drowsiness, fatigue and depression
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When should a pt avoid taking antihistamines?
Taking tranqs, sleeping pills, antihypertensives, alcohol, operating heavy machinery
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What is Tigan used to tx?
Nausea and vomiting
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Who is Tigan not recommended for?
Pregnant women
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What is immunotherapy?
Allergy shots
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Who should utilize immunotherapy?
Pts who are unable or unwilling to avoid an allergen, who experience intolerable side effects, or who have asthma
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Where are antihistamines excreted?
Kidneys
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Where are antihistamines metabolized?
Liver
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What is the antihistamine used for nausea/vomiting?
Phenergan, Tigan, Dramamine
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What is a drug allergy?
Hives, anaphylaxis
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What is a drug intolerance?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
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What are the anticholinergic effects of antihistamines?
Drying secretions
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What are some non-sedating antihistamines?
Claritin, Allegra
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What special considerations are taken if an antihistamine is given IV/IM?
Be cautious�can put pt into a deep sleep
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What are some safety factors for pts taking antihistamines?
Fall risk for the elderly, long distance driving, heavy equipment operation
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What is Astelin?
Nasal spray for seasonal allergies/rhinitis
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What are the common side effects of Astelin?
Bitter taste, runny nose, nosebleed, headache, dyspenia
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What is an antigen?
A foreign substance capable of inducing sensitivity and causing and allergic reaction
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What is an antibody?
A tissue response to an allergic reaction
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What is the antigen to an allergy?
Allergen
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What are the signs of cardiovascular collapse?
Urticaria, upper airway edema, wheezing, hypotension
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Who is Astelin px for ?
Adults & children 5+
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What common medications are used for motion sickness?
Dramamine
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What are the adverse effects of corticosteroids?
Skin atropy, depigmentation, adrenal suppression, thin skin
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How do corticosteroids work?
Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, vasoconstricts
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What are local anesthetics used for?
Minor burns and bites, throat lozenges, biopsies, moles
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When is novocaine used?
Before minor surgery and in dentistry
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What types of anesthetics are used
Cocaine, Novocain, dibucaine, benzocaine
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What is Silvadene used to tx?
2nd & 3rd degree burns
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When is silvadene not used?
On pregnant women near delivery date, allergic to any ingredients or sulfonamides, taking methenamine, have kidney or liver probs
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What are the side effects of silvadene?
Burning, hives, itching, rash, redness, skin discoloration
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What is a bactericidal?
Kills bacteria
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What is a bacterostatic?
Inhibits the growth of bacteria
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What is a peak?
The highest concentration of a med in the body
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When is a peak drawn?
2 hours after the med is administered
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What is a trough?
The lowest concentration of a med in the body
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When is a trough drawn?
1-2 hours before med is administered
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When are cultures/sensitivities drawn?
Before antibiotics are given
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Which pt population is at high risk for development of candidiasis?
Pregnant, diabetes melitis
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What is the name of the group of meds used to treat warts or calluses?
Immune response modifier and kerotolytics
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What is a superinfection?
An infection that occurs when you are being treated for another infection
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What is the most common superinfection?
Vaginitis, yeast infection
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What meds can be used in a pt sensitive to penicillin?
Erythromycin,
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What is minocycline used to treat?
UTIs, acne, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, tick fever
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What is a med often used in the tx of AIDS?
Zidovudine
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What is the most common use of a sulfonamide?
UTI
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What is a drug given to tx an allergic reaction?
Loratadine
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