Psych Final SA

• Denial
• Anger
• Baragining
• Depression
• Acceptanxce

*Most don't make it to last stage, leave loose ends

• K-R wanted to help more people who were dying to reach acceptance, so she created hospice
• Try to help person die w/comfort and dignity
• Treat symptoms, not disease
• Spiritual/religious services
• Legal assistence
• Financial Planning, funeral arrangements, counseling

• Nature is your genetics, nurture your env't
• BF skinner was an American behaviorist who was partial to nurture; in the case of language, he said that postive reinforcement/vicarious learning helped children learn to adopt language
• Noam Chomsky- Nature; biological psycholinguistic theory said language is to complex to just learning, LAD is active from appx 6 months through childhood so brain can decode, understand language

A simple form of learning based upon association of a stimulus and a response.

• Train a dog w/electric fence
• Breaking bad habits (bad-tasting nail polish)
• Counterconditioning, desensetization

• 1. Sensory Motor (Birth-2): gross motor skills; trial and error
• 2. Preoperational Thought (2-7): language critical period
• 3. Concrete Operations (7-11): logic, math, science, thinking rationally
• 4. Formal Operation: abstract thought

• Animism- give life to toys
• Object permeance- things exist even if you can't see him
• Egocentrism- kids don't understand that other people hae points of view
• Reversal- ability to undo/go back
• Conservation- understanding properties of matter
• Decentering- opp of egocentrism

• 1. Preconventional: do things based on reward/punishment
• 2. Conventional: do what you do to fit in, avoid being censured (singled out), avoid guilt
• 3. Postconvetional: do things base on your own ideas of right and wrong

• **Each has conflict and resulting personality trait
• Trust v. Mistrust- infancy
• Identity v. Role Confusion- teenager
• Intimacy v. Isolation- young adult
• Generousness v. self absorption- child bearing time
• Integrity v. Despair- end of life

• = substances that change your ability to process info by changing your level of awareness
• Depressents- slows CNS; alcohol
• Stimulates- excites CNS; caffeine
• Opiates- painkillers; morphine, codeine

Freud believed that you were controlled by your unconscious mind, so you are not really aware of why you do things= psychoanalysis

• Conscious- everything you are aware of at a given moment
• Preconcious- info you can recall at a moment's notice (facts, autobio, etc.)
• Unconscious- repressed memories, hidden fears

• Freud said dreams were the "royal road to the unconscious mind", so dreams helped recover repressed issues you may not even be aware of
• Manifest content: facts of dream, what happened, as it appeared to you
• Latent: interpret, symbolization

• Tests that are given under strict standards, under identical circumstances
• Aptitude- measure of future acheivment, ability to reason
• Acheivment test- measure of retained info

• Reliability- constant results
• Validity- measures what it should measure

BF Skinner was an American behaviorist who believed that your personality was determined by what you do; wrote Walden 2, a book about a utopia where everything was good because people were constantly monitered then rewarded/punished

Operant Conditioning: a simple form of learning based on punishment and reward

Shaping (succesive approximation): as behavior improves, the reward improves

• Punishment is something done after a behavior meant to discourage it
• Effective punishment: proximity, intensity, consistency
• Postive Punishment: give someone chores for breaking curfew
• Negative Punishment: Take away cell phone for breaking curfew
• Reward: increases the probability that behavior will be repeated

• Psychology: the study of behavior and cognition
• Goals: Description, prediction, control, explanation

• School- administer & interpret placement tests
• Educational- measures the effectiveness of tests, makes tests, textbooks, studies how people best learn
• Industrial- HR; helps businesses foster better relationships w/workers
• Developmental- studies changes in personality, behavior, cognition
• Clinical- have a PhD; 80% of psychologists; help people work through tramatic issues
• Therapist- do not have phD; work with less severe problems, like adjusting to a divorce, etc

The manipulation of symbols to convey meaning to others

• 1. State the problem
• 2. Develop a hypothesis
• 3. Conduct research
• 4. Interperet data
• 5. Come to conclusions
• 6. Communicate results

• Basic research is done as research for its own sake
• Applied research is done to solve a problem

• Control- does not receive the independent variable
• Placebo: inert substance in place of indpt variable; the placebo effect is up to 50%, shows the power of the mind
• Experimental

The reflex of a baby to turn toward anything near its mouth to see if its a source of food

The reflex of a baby to try and nurse on anything that is put in its mouth

• The protection reflex/startle reflex
• If a baby hears a loud noise, it will cry, throw its arms out, and pull its feet in; this protects the vital organs

• **All are parts of body where you gain pleasure and thus cause changes in behavior
• 1. oral (pacifier)
• 2. Anal (potty-training)
• 3. Phallic (do not understand it as sexual)
• 4. latency (shy, hidden)
• 4. Genital

Babies cannot learn certain things, like walking, until their body is ready to do so

• Prenatal: time before birth
• Infancy: Birth-2

• A degenerative brain disease that causes irreversable memory loss, ability to think, and may change behavior
• Caused by a decaying of connections in the brain
• Not curable- goal of medicine/treatment is to slow the progression of the disease

• An altered state of conciousness where a person breifly escapes from reality to fantasy
• Defense mechanism

• Non-REM sleep is a deep, restful sleep; for the body
• REM sleep is a "dream sleep", where the mind reorganizes itself

• disruptions in the quantity or quality of sleep
• 2 types: insomnia, hypersomnia; both caused by stress

Disruption in the quanity of quality of sleep due to an unusual or disturbing event

• Somnobulism: sleepwalking
• Enuresis: bed-wetting
• Sleep terrors: typically in young children, causes great muscle movement, talking, reaction
• Narcolepsy: falling asleep at a moment's notice; go right into REM; usually have lucid dreams about whats going on around you

• Every great deed gets an immediate reward
• This decreases the effect of the reward
• A more effective approach is partial (receiving reward on a schedule, like every week) and secondary (using a token, like gold stars or money, that can be turned in for a real reward)= token economy

Confusing the conditioned stimulus with something else

Ex: Little albert, who was scared by a white rat and then cried at the sight of Santa's beard

When you get sick from eating a food, so then anything associated with that food makes you sick

Form of predation control: taint the meat of livestock

We have knowledge but do not show it until we are properly motivated

a disease that surfaced in the 1980s, breaks down immune system, spreads through bodily fluids

receives an MD rather than a PhD and can prescribe medicine

involves a set number of questions that every person is asked

Internal processes, like circulatory system and adrenaline, and how they change us during a psychological event

• Gender ID: your own internal sense of being male or female
• Sex roles: what society tells us men or women should do

When a baby adopts the values of one or two people, like mom or dad

Harlow- the idea that babies like being near their mothers becuase they are softer and more pleasent to be held by; when monkeys were given the choice of a soft monkey mother or a hard one that had food, they chose the soft one

The ability of a person to solve novel problems

• Fluid- can think on your feet
• Crystallized- Factual database; usually not affected by age

• Altered states of conciosuness
• Sleeping, drug-induced, hypnosis, etc.

Record of brain wave activity

• "Crib death"; when a baby dies in its sleep
• May be caused by sleep apnea

The science of effects drugs have on our bodily system; medicine is basically the only therapy people receive

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Caused when a mother drinks during pregnancy; leads to retardation, set-apart eyes, etc.

An altered state of conciousness that is characterized by a heightened state of suggestability

A form of practiced relaxatiuon

Biofeedback: controling respiration, heart rate, etc.

The process leading to a realtively permenant change in one's behavior

The aparent loss of memory

• Interfernce: something gets in the way of trying to remember
• Decay/Erosion: forget due to disuse
• Motivated Forgetting: forgetting things you don't want to remember

When you dont' reward an animal/person and they stop showing the behavior you conditioned them to perform

For example, you get bit by a dog so now you are afraid of all dogs

The knowledge of one's own memory; ie knowing you have a good/bad memory, when you need to write something down, etc.

• 1. Encoding- assigning meaningfulness
• 2. Storage- must be stored correctly
• 3. Retrieval

Visual-sensory memory

Auditory-sensory memory

You experience thousands of stimuli in a day; this memory acts like a sieve, sorting what is important

If the information is important to you, you tend to remember it better

• Working memory, primary memory
• Where we hold info we are aware of at a particular moment
• Can only hold 5-9 items at a time

combine stimuli and put things into categories in order to remember it better

Part of our long-term memory that is like a diary

Part of our LTM like a dictionary

A memory so vivid it is like it happened yesterday

In memory, tend to remember things at the beginning and end of a list.

All mental processes you are aware and unaware of

Mental images words create

• Natural: made in nature
• Formal: Made by humans

All the rules that govern language

Most basic sound of language

1-2 syllable words

Holophrastic speech: speak in just morphemes

Speak in short, 2-4 word sentances

• Crying
• Cooing
• Babble
• Pattern Speech

• Language is influenced by culture and envt, but also reinforces stereotypes
• Ex: Saying policeman- think only men can be in policeforce
• Bejamin Lee Whorf

Processing information at various levels of awareness

• With attachement, a baby just wants to be near someone, like mom
• Identification is to want to be like someone; a baby first identifies only with itself, later with mom and dad, then peers, celebrities, etc, till it finds its own way

The storage of information for later retreival

• Three stages:
• 1. Encoding
• 2. Storage
• 3. Retrieval

When you remember something by repeating it over and over

Using a little trick to remember something

Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over. For example, you need to remember the term "neuron." In order to permanently commit the term to your memory, you look up what it means (it is a nerve cell), find out its purpose (transmit information from or to the central nervous system), look at a diagram and study its parts, and think about how it relates to things that you already know (like how different it its from other kinds of cells, assuming you are familiar with other cells). If you do this several times (rehearsal), then you will be more likely to remember the term.

• Take a person's entire life into account when talking about development
• Erik Erikson

• Complete understanding of genetics
• Emphasis on brain, nervous system

• Stresses that humans are unique and complex
• Each person can reach his/her potential
• Ex: Someone who doesn't have good grades, doesn't try, is missing something in life (no stable home, parents aren't invloved, etc)
• Abraham Maslow

• Freud
• Emphasizes the unconcious' motive for behavior
• People are always fighting their sexual drive and need for destruction (Eros and Thanatos)- only society reigns us in

• = Functionalism
• Focuses on the mental processes
• Fundamental flaw in these processes causes abnormalities

• Focuses on what you do
• BF Skinner
• EX: young men whose fathers abused their mothers are more likely to be abusive

• Albert Bandura
• Observational Learning- kids who watched video of kids being nice to bobo doll were nice to it, those who saw kids beating up bobo did the same

• Instinctive Drift: something you cannot stop doing, like racoons and handling
• Imprinting
• Learning Disabiligties: does not mean a lower IQ; in fact, is usually something very specific, like dyslexia